Tyrimų rezultatų interpretacija

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Presentation transcript:

Tyrimų rezultatų interpretacija Analitiniai tyrimai Rezultatų pateikimas

Ryšio matai Šansų santykis (ŠS, OR) – kiek kartų dažniau (ar rečiau) veiksnys pasireiškė sergančiųjų grupėje nei nesergančiųjų. Reliatyvi rizika (RR) – kiek kartų rizika susirgti yra didesnė (arba mažesnė ), grupėje kur veiksnys veikia, nei grupėje kur veiksnys neveikia.

Yes No Disease or outcome Exposure (+) a b a+b (-) c d c+d Total a+c b+d 5

a – the number of individuals who are exposed and have the disease b – the number of individuals who are exposed and do not have the disease c – the number who are not exposed and have the disease d – the number who are both nonexposed and nondiseased 6

Atvejo kontrolės studijos Šansų santykis

9

Creuzfeldt-Jacob disease study   Consumption of raw meat CJD Yes (cases) N=390 No (controls) N=393 Yes 143 106 No 247 287 Table 5.2 2x2 table for measure of association in Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease study.

Ryšio matų interpretacija ŠS arba RR = 1.0 – rizikos susirgti nėra ŠŠ arba RR > 1.0 – veiksnys skatina ligos arba būklės atsiradimą ŠŠ arba RR < 1.0 - veiksnys apsaugo ligos arba būklės atsiradimo 12

Kohortiniai tyrimai: schema, Realiatyvi rizika Dažnio matas – sergamumas, Efekto matai

Rizika susirgti infekcine liga tarp besimaudžiusiųjų -532/1924 = 0 Rizika susirgti infekcine liga tarp besimaudžiusiųjų -532/1924 = 0.277 or 27.7% Rizika susirgti tarp nesimaudžiusiųjų – 151/915 = 0.165 or 16.5% RR = 27.7% / 16.5% = 1.68 The risk to develop disease among swimmers was 532/1924 = 0.277 or 27.7% The risk to develop disease among non-swimmer was 151/915 = 0.165 or 16.5%

Sergamumas (incidentiškumas, rizika susirgti,incidence)

Kumuliacinis sergamumas (vardiklyje rizikos populiacija) Sergamumo tankis (vardiklyje visų asmenų stebėjimo laikotarpių suma)

Incidence There are two ways to count for incidence Cumulative incidence, CI Incidense density/rate, ID Cumulative incidence provides an estimate of the probability, or risk, that an individual will develop a disease during a specified period of time – usually 1 year. 23

Cumulative Incidence 24

Incidence density assumes varying periods of follow up while cumulative incidence assumes that all patients were followed for the same period of time 25

26

ID (incidence density, sergamumo tankis) = 2 cases/ 16 ID (incidence density, sergamumo tankis) = 2 cases/ 16.5 person years = 12.1/ 100 person-years of observation CI (cumulative incidence, kumuliacinis sergamumas) = 2/5 = 0.4 (40%) = 40:5 = 8cases/ 100 person at risk/ per year

Mirtingumo rodiklis (mirtingumo rizika) Mirtingumas dėl visų priežasčių stebimoje kohortoje Mirtingumas dėl konkrečios ligos stebimoje kohortoje Stebėjimo trukmė yra svarbi (svarbu žinoti per kokį laiką skaičiuojame)!

Rezultatų pateikimo apibendrinimas Dažnio matai Ryšio matai Efekto matai Ligos paplitimas (prevalence) Sergamumas (incidence) ŠS (Odds ratio) RR (Relative risk) AR;AFr PAR;PAFr Pjūviniai tyrimai X Atvejo kontrolės tyrimai Kohortiniai t.

Open Epi calculator – free available. internet based calculator for Open Epi calculator – free available internet based calculator for epidemiological calculations

Įrodymais pagrįstos medicinos principai

Mokslinio įrodymo lygiai įrodymais pagrįstoje medicinoje Įrodymo lygis Kriterijus Pavyzdys 1 Labai geras įrodymo lygis Metaanalizė arba daugybinės randomizuotos studijos 2 Pakankamas įrodymo lygis Bent viena randomizuota arba kontroliuojama studija su placebo ar kito poveikio komponentu 3 Ribotas Kohortiniai tyrimai, stebėjimo tyrimai 4 Žemas Atvejo kontrolės tyrimai, Pavienių klinikinių atvejų/serijų aprašymai, ekspertų nuomonė 5 L.žemas Anekdotiniai atvejai, patogenetiniais mechanizmais grįstas įrodymas 34 34