The Cell Packet #4 Spring 2012 Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Cytology The study of cells. There are two basic types Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

The Discovery Cells discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 However the subcellular structures could not be seen--the organelles It wasn’t until the 1950’s, with the invention of the electron microscope that cell biology really took off Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Isolation of Organelles Organelles can be isolated by a process called cell fractionation Taking cells apart and separating the major organelles so that their individual function can be isolated Centrifuge Is the instrument that is used to fractionize cells Spins fast as much as 80,000 revolutions per minute and apply forces on particles up to 500,000 times the force of gravity Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Organelle Isolation II Micromanipulation Another technique for the removal of parts of the cell Can also insert material into a living cell Done while looking through a microscope In-Vitro Fertilization In-Vivo Fertilization Cell Cultures** Isolate one type of cell and you grow it in large numbers--bacteria for example Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

CELL THEORY 12/8/2018

Cell Theory Observations and conclusions from various scientists Three parts All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things All cells come from preexisting cells Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

The Hierarchy Revisited SIZE OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, MACROMOLECULES, ORGANELLES, CELLS AND ORGANISMS 12/8/2018

Hierarchy Revisited Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Prokaryote Cells vs. Eukaryote Cells REVIEW OF CELL TYPES 12/8/2018

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells Lack membrane bound organelles No nucleus or nuclear membrane No chromosomes Contain circular strands of DNA May contain chlorophyll but not chloroplasts Small Ribosomes Cell wall is present** Mitosis, nor meiosis, does not occur Cells reproduce by other asexual means Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic II Eukaryotic Cells Membrane bound organelles are present Nucleus and nuclear membrane are present Chlorophyll, when present, is contained in chloroplasts Ribosomes are larger Cell wall is present in some eukaryotic cells Mitosis and meiosis occurs Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS Plant cells vs. Animal Cells TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS 12/8/2018

Eukaryotic Cells Most organisms are eukaryotes and are composed of eukaryotic cells. There are two basic types of eukaryotic cells Plant cells Animal cells Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Plant Cells Have cell walls Large vacuole filled with cell sap Contain cellulose Large vacuole filled with cell sap Larger than animal cells Shape Different from animal cells Cilia and flagella absent in higher plants What kingdom(s) are the higher plants found? What kingdom(s) are the lower plants found? Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Animal Cells No cellulose cell wall in MOST animal cells Plasma membrane Some vacuoles but they are usually small and numerous Cytoplasm throughout the cell Nucleus may be found anywhere in the cell Is normally in the center of the cell Cilia is common in animal cells of higher animals Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Animal Cell II Cell Specialization In animals, cells are often uniquely suited to perform a particular function within the organism Nerve Cells Muscle Cells Rods and Cones in the eye Sex cells These specialized cells are determined by complex processes of turning on and off genes. Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Similarities Both Eukaryotic Cells Have membrane bound organelles Differences Plant cells are “generally” larger than animal cells Plant cells have a cell wall of cellulose Adds stability and protection to the plant cell Plant cells have vacuoles That are used as space fillers Fulfils digestive functions in plants--similar to lysosomes that are also found in animal cells. Animal cells have centrioles Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Cell Structure & Function ORGANELLES OF THE CELL 12/8/2018

Cell Structure and Function I Chromatin The complex of DNA and histome proteins which make up chromosomes in eukaryotic cells Chromosomes Long threadlike association of genes composed of chromatin and found inside the nucleus of the cell Nucleolus The region of the eukaryotic nucleus that is engaged in ribosome synthesis Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Cell Structure and Function II Nucleus Structure Contains a eukaryotic cell’s genetic library Nucleus Function In eukaryotic cells, this is a membrane bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material Acts as the control center for the cell Produce ribosomes and RNA* Play an essential role in cell division Nuclear Envelope Surrounds the nucleus Contains nuclear pores Allow things in and out of the nucleus Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Cell Structure and Function III Rough or Smooth? Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions in the synthesis and transport of proteins This is where we find ribosomes and why they look “rough” Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions in the synthesis and transport of lipids There are no bound organelles—that is why they look so smooth Ribosomes Cytoplasmic organelle that is the site for protein synthesis Small complex particles consisting of proteins and RNA Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Cell Structure and Function III Golgi Apparatus Stack of membranous sacs Packages and distributes lipids and proteins that form in the ER If we have time we will have a closer look at this process Something inportant—know the ends and structure Cis—entry; Trans—exit—People always forget this Vesicles enter and leave here Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes that degrades the cell and other malfunctioning organelles Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Cell Structure and Function IV Peroxisome Contains enzymes that carry out redox reactions and is key in detoxification of drunks Mitochondria This is where we produce our energy—AKA ATP We’ll get all up in the Kreb’s cycle soon  Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

For Biology 1 Honors Only Cells are composed of filaments Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Details to come in AP Biology Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Other Important Features in the Cell Chloroplasts In plant cells Used in photosynthesis We’ll get to know this process later as well Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS 12/8/2018

Cell to Cell Connections Tight Junctions Gap Junctions Desomeres Details to come in AP Biology Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

THE PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE Phospholipid Bi-layer THE PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE 12/8/2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Components of the Cell Membrane Microfilaments, Microtubules and Intermediate filaments—we have already touched—but what else is there? Glycoproteins Carbohydrates Cholesterol Used in rigidity and fluidity of the membrane Peripheral Protein (small) and Integral (big) proteins—useful in hormonal signals—later IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHAT EVERYTIHNG LOOKS LIKE AND WHERE THEY ARE IN THE CELL MEMBRANE Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018

MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE CELL Diffusion and Osmosis MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE CELL 12/8/2018

Diffusion I The movement of materials in and out of the cell Important process of bodily function Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and leave cells Respiration Allows simple sugars and fats to enter and leave cells Digestion 12/8/2018

Diffusion II Regular Diffusion Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration No proteins are used No ATP is used Adenosine Tri-Phosphate Energy 12/8/2018

Diffusion III Facilitated Diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the use of a protein. No ATP is used 12/8/2018

Diffusion IV Active Transport The movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration with the use of a protein and ATP 12/8/2018

Diffusion V Osmosis Osmosis Special type of diffusion The movement of a liquid solvent from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. The membrane does not allow solutes to pass through. 12/8/2018

Osmosis Hypertonic vs. Hypotonic Hypertonic Solution High concentration of solute Low concentration of solvent Solvent wants to enter Hypotonic Solution Low concentration of solute High concentration of solvent Solvent wants to leave 12/8/2018

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Saturday, December 08, 2018Saturday, December 08, 2018