Classification / 3.5

Paper $ Water Yarn Puppy Rock Bumblebee Banana Marble Flowers Apple 1. Divide these items into two groups. Record those groups on your board and write the items that belong. Divide those groups into two MORE groups. Record those groups on your board and write the items that belong. Can you think of another group to divide them into?

Taxonomy=The science of Classification Aristotle 1st classification scheme which had 2 groups-plants and animals. These groups were subdivided. Plants-were divided based on size. Animals-were divided based on where they live and how they move. Is this a good classification scheme?

Modern Classification Modern classification uses the following system: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Each level is composed of the ones below it.

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo (notice the italics and capitalization!) Species: sapiens

Carl Von Linnae Swedish Interested in classifying plants and creating a naming system that could be shared. Created the modern day classification scheme that has been added to and used today. Began “Binomial Nomenclature”using Latin names. Changed his name to Carolus Linnaeus.

How does the ‘two name’ system work? Common names vary from place to place and made communication difficult. Ex. Pig, Cerdo, Svinja, Cochon The scientific name is the last two names from the classification system. Genus species or G. species Ex. Homo sapien, Canis lopus, Scrofa domestica

Practice!!! 1.Quercas albicans is most closely related to which of the following? a. Quercas rubia b. Folia albicans 2. Bacillus antraxis is a type of bacteria. What genus does it belong to? What species?

Dichotomous Keys/ 3.5 Dichotomous = two choices Use keys to identify organisms. Example…..

Dichotomous Key/Practice Questions (3.5) Alien Key #1-3 Continue on your own….. (10 min.) Identify aliens # 4-8 Shark Key #1-3 Identify Salamanders #1-3 Fish Key #1-4

Why is classification important? The goal of classification is to determine evolutionary relationships and group organisms that are related. General characteristics were all that was used to classify organisms. Vestigial organs, similar organs, fossil evidence, embryology Now scientists use amino acids and DNA! So modern 

Amino Acids=DNA Amino Acids in Cytochrome c protein from different species. How many differences between human and dog? How many differences between rat and mouse? Which of the two groups are more closely related? Which of the two groups have more recently shared a common ancestor?

Phylogenetic Tree-graphic representation of a classification system based on evolutionary relationships and when things evolved. Created using several lines of evidence. Ex. Morphology, embryology, fossil evidence, DNA. Show multiple splits Cladogram-graphic representation of the evolutionary relationships between small group. Relationship based on the presence of certain derived characteristics. Ex. Feathers in birds or amino acids in mammals. Only branches into two (bifurcations)

Cytochrome C Activity Read the background and answer the questions using the cladogram. Molecular Evidence: Count/analyze the difference between each organism’s cytochrome C gene. Create a phylogenetic tree with this evidence. *hint* the ancestor cell should be at the bottom.

Kingdoms What is a domain??? Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria What is a domain??? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Or Eukaryote Multi- Unicellular Heterotroph Autotroph Examples