How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!! Cellular Respiration How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!!

December 8, 2018

Where do our cells get energy? 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for cell What type of macromolecule are 6-C sugars? Carbohydrates Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP “energy” December 8, 2018

Overall Chemical Process: Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + usable energy (ATP) December 8, 2018

Cellular Respiration (3-stages) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid December 8, 2018

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: 1. Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm 2. Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

Review of Mitochondria Structure Smooth outer Membrane Folded inner membrane Folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix

Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix

December 8, 2018

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) ATP Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

December 8, 2018

Glycolysis Overview Where Cytoplasm NO O2 required Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of 2 ATP 6-C glucose  TWO 3-C pyruvates Free e- and H+ combine with electron carriers called NAD+  NADH + H+ (nicotinamide dinucleotide) December 8, 2018

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glycolysis: Step 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

Review of glycolysis Was NAD+ oxidized or reduced? Reduced! What was the reducing agent for NAD+? Glucose! Is NAD+  NADH a catabolic reaction or an anabolic reaction? Anabolic (bonds created) Is glucose  2 pyruvate anabolic or catabolic? Is it exergonic or endergonic? Catabolic (bonds broken) and exergonic (energy released as ATP) December 8, 2018

Glycolysis Summary In Glucose (6-C) 2 ATP Out 2 pyruvate; 2(3-C) 2NADH a net of 2 ATP December 8, 2018

Questions Where does glycolysis take place? Glycolysis energy yield? Breaks glucose into TWO ________. December 8, 2018

December 8, 2018

The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid Where mitochondria Pyruvate (3-C)  Acetic acid (2-C) 3rd C forms CO2 Acetic acid combines with Coenzyme A to form ACETYL-CoA December 8, 2018

Summary In Pyruvate NAD CoA Out CO2 (as waste) NADH Acetyl-CoA December 8, 2018

What is releasing Energy with O2? Aerobic respiration Where In mitochondria December 8, 2018

Second Step: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Where Mitochondrial matrix Energy Yield 2 ATP and more e- Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with 4-C to form 6-C CITRIC ACID Citric Acid (6-C) changed to 5-C then to a 4-C Gives off a CO2 molecule NAD+ and FAD pick up the released e- FAD becomes FADH2 NAD+ becomes NADH + H+ Cycle ALWAYS reforming a 4-C molecule December 8, 2018

Krebs Cycle December 8, 2018

The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

ETC- Take out the Handout… Here’s an overview: Where inner membrane of mitochondria Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular respiration December 8, 2018

Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

Electron Transport Chain Summary Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion

Total ENERGY Yield Glycolysis 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATP ETC  32 ATP Total 36 ATP December 8, 2018

What happens if NO O2? Cellular respiration process STOPS December 8, 2018

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Anaerobic DOES NOT require oxygen Simple fast produces smaller amounts of energy (ATP) Aerobic requires oxygen Yields large amounts of energy What is this energy molecule? ATP, ATP, ATP December 8, 2018

December 8, 2018

Releasing Energy w/out Oxygen Anaerobic Respiration NO Additional ATP is Formed NO O2 leads to Fermentation Two Types Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation December 8, 2018

Lactic Acid Fermentation bacteria, plants and most animals After glycolysis 2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid Sometimes happens in your muscles, cramps-----Exercise December 8, 2018

December 8, 2018

Alcoholic Fermentation Bacteria and fungi (yeast) Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages Also used to raise dough, bread December 8, 2018

December 8, 2018

Cellular Respiration Review Three Main Stages Glycolysis (2 ATP) Kreb’s Cycle (2 ATP) Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP) December 8, 2018

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glycolysis: Step 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

The Krebs Cycle: Step 2 Section 9-2 Mitochondrion Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

Electron Transport Chain: Step 3 Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production