Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study Prof Marko.

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Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study Prof Marko Elovainio, PhD, Christian Hakulinen, PhD, Laura Pulkki-Råback, PhD, Prof Marianna Virtanen, PhD, Kim Josefsson, PhD, Prof Markus Jokela, PhD, Prof Jussi Vahtera, MD, Prof Mika Kivimäki, PhD The Lancet Public Health Volume 2, Issue 6, Pages e260-e266 (June 2017) DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30075-0 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Proportions of the social isolation–mortality association attributable to biological, behavioural, and psychological factors HR=hazard ratio. PERM=percentage of excess risk mediated. SHR=sub-hazard ratio. *Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, and chronic disease. The Lancet Public Health 2017 2, e260-e266DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30075-0) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Proportions of the loneliness–mortality association attributable to biological, behavioural, and psychological factors HR=hazard ratio. PERM=percentage of excess risk mediated. SHR=sub-hazard ratio. *Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, and chronic disease. The Lancet Public Health 2017 2, e260-e266DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30075-0) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions