ACIDS A substance that produces HYDROGEN (H+) or HYDRONIUM (H3O+) ions in solution

Properties of Acids *Taste Sour *Corrosive *Are Electrolytes *pH range 0 - 6.9 *Neutralizes Bases *Donates protons *Contains many H+ ions and a few OH- ions *Formulas begin with “H” *Ionizes in H2O (HCl H+ + Cl-) Considered strong if completely ionizes

Examples of STRONG Acids Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) - Battery Acid Nitric Acid (HNO3) - Explosives Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) - Fertilizers Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) - Stomach Acid, Cleans Metal

Examples of WEAK Acids Citric Acid (C6H8O7) - Lemons, Oranges Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) - Vinegar Formic Acid (CH2O2) - Ant Bites Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) - Soft Drinks

A substance that produces HYDROXIDE (OH-) in solution BASES A substance that produces HYDROXIDE (OH-) in solution

Properties of Bases *Feels Slippery *Called Alkaline *Formula ends in “OH” *Contains many OH- ions and a few H+ ions Except for AMMONIA *Accepts Protons *Neutralizes Acids *Corrosive *Are Electrolytes *Taste Bitter *pH range 7.1 - 14 *Dissolves Oil and Grease (Makes Good Cleaners)

Examples of Bases Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) - Lye - Draino Ammonia (NH3) - Windex & Mr. Clean Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) - Plaster Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) - Antacids & Deodorants Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) - Household Cleaner

Strengths of Acids & Bases Strength is based on the ease of the formation of ions in solution Strong acids & bases almost complete dissociate (form ions) in solution Weak acids & bases only partly form ions in solution Can tell the strength by the pH scale

The pH Scale A measure of the HYDRONIUM (H3O+) concentration Describes the exact concentration of H+ ions: H+ reacts with H2O to form H3O+ Reading the Scale 0 – 6.9 = Acid 7 = Neutral 7.1 – 14 = Base

pH Scale Importance Plays an important role in digestion Balance in necessary in bodies of water to keep fish and plants alive Industry Uses: fertilizer, soft drinks, cleaners, shampoos

Substances that have different colors in an acid or a base Indicators Substances that have different colors in an acid or a base

Types of Indicators Litmus Paper pH Paper Phenolphthalein Turns BLUE in a BASE Turns RED in an ACID pH Paper Color changes based on pH scale Phenolphthalein Turns PINK in a BASE Turns COLORLESS or CLOUDY in an ACID

Natural Indicators Tea Hydrangea Flowers Red Cabbage Juice Turns YELLOW when ACID is added (Lemons) Hydrangea Flowers Flowers are RED in ACIDIC soil Flowers are BLUE in BASIC soil Red Cabbage Juice Turns a variety of colors to show pH