Association and Causation

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Aim: What must we understand before designing an study? HW#2: complete the assignment on the last slide (must be typed and article must be included when.
Advertisements

Scatter Diagrams and Correlation
Methods of Comparison: Controlled Experiments and Observational Studies Math 1680.
Ckeckpoint 1.1 Some Problems. Question 1 Which of the following questions is stated as a cause-and-effect question? A. Is lack of health insurance linked.
Statistics The science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. The Statistical Problem Solving Process: 1.Ask a question of interest 2.Produce.
Servant Leadership Thesis & Research Questions Students are to develop at least five questions about Servant Leadership that can be answered through the.
Chapter 11.1 Measures of Dispersion and Types of Studies.
Chapter 3 Producing Data.
 Get out your homework and materials for notes!  If you have your parent letter signed and/or supplies, please place it on my desk.
Sample Surveys.  The first idea is to draw a sample. ◦ We’d like to know about an entire population of individuals, but examining all of them is usually.
4.1 Scatter Diagrams and Correlation. 2 Variables ● In many studies, we measure more than one variable for each individual ● Some examples are  Rainfall.
Topic 3 Concept Check. The Bureau of Labor Statistics announces that last month it interviewed all members of the labor force in a sample of 60,000 households;
What is Statistics?.
Aim: What goes behind designing experiments?. What is a study? A study is an experiment when we actually do something to people, animals, or objects to.
Scatter Diagrams and Correlation Variables ● In many studies, we measure more than one variable for each individual ● Some examples are  Rainfall.
Observations vs. Experiments Target Goals: I can distinguish between an observational study and an experiment. I can explain how a lurking variable in.
Warm Up 1. Does reducing screen brightness increase battery life in laptop computers? To find out, researchers obtained 30 new laptops of the same brand.
What is/are statistics? Statistics is a way of reasoning, along with a collection of tools and methods, designed to help us understand the world. Statistics.
Do Now Take out the article you brought for homework. Describe how it uses statistics. If you didn’t bring an article… maybe just use something that you.
The population in a statistical study is the entire group of individuals about which we want information The population is the group we want to study.
 A committee on community relations in a college town plans to survey local businesses about the importance of students as customers. From telephone book.
Producing Data: Experiments BPS - 5th Ed. Chapter 9 1.
4.1 Statistics Notes Should We Experiment or Should We Merely Observe?
SAMPLES BE SURE TO TAKE NOTES!. SAMPLE VS POPULATION Use this website to find the definition of the vocabulary terms: sample and population.website What.
Introduction/ Section 5.1 Designing Samples.  We know how to describe data in various ways ◦ Visually, Numerically, etc  Now, we’ll focus on producing.
Experiments Textbook 4.2. Observational Study vs. Experiment Observational Studies observes individuals and measures variables of interest, but does not.
1-3: Data collection and sampling techniques Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.
Ch. 13 – Experiments and Observational Studies Part III – Gathering Data.
Thursday, January 24 th Turn in the Syllabus Scavenger Hunt into your classes box Do Now: (write question and answer) 1. What is one of your Big Goals.
Common Core Math I Unit 2 One-Variable Statistics
Topic 2: Types of Statistical Studies
Chapter 1 Section 1.
An Overview of Statistical Inference – Learning from Data
About 42,000 high school students took the AP Statistics exam in 2001
Get out your homework and materials for notes!
Get out your homework and materials for notes!
Sampling and Experimentation
Lesson 11.4: Experimental Design
Learning Goal: (S-IC.B.3)
Section 5.1 Designing Samples
Observational Study vs. Experimental Design
Experimental Design Ch 12
Module 4 Math 075.
Chapter One Data Collection
Chapter 5 Producing Data.
Chapter Statistics and Probability
Chapter 5 Producing Data 5.1 Designing Samples
The Scientific Method & Parts of an Experiment Notes
An Overview of Statistical Inference – Learning from Data
Class Discussion on Sampling
Class Discussion on Sampling
Understandable Statistics
Warmup 1. One study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators matched each.
Introduction to Statistics
Types of Statistical Studies
Introduction to Statistics
Designing Experiments
Introduction to Statistics for the Social Sciences SBS200 - Lecture Section 001, Spring 2017 Room 150 Harvill Building 9:00 - 9:50 Mondays, Wednesdays.
Do Now What is the predicted English score when the math score is 10?
Do Now: SWBAT: Apply the three principles of experimental design.
Do Now- Identify the sampling method (Cluster or stratified)
Turn in your signed Interim please!
Observational Studies
a) Coins b) Playing Cards c) Spinner d) Number Cube
Chapter 4: Designing Studies
MATH 2311 Section 6.1.
Chapter 5: Producing Data
Introduction to the Scientific Method
Warm-Up Honors Algebra /11/19
Common Core Math I Unit 2 Day 16 One-Variable Statistics
Presentation transcript:

Association and Causation Math 075 Fall 2016

Agenda Entry ticket Introduction to association and causation In class Activity Exit Ticket Homework-Part 1: bring in an example of a association and a causation from an article, newspaper article, etc. Be prepared to explain why each example is a association or causation in class.

Entry Ticket: Association and Causation Explain the joke in this cartoon. 2. Write another example of the joke.

Association When two variables are related Turn and Talk: Describe how these two variables are related.

Causation When one variable causes another variable to change. A  B Example: As you run faster, the number of calories you are burning increases. Other Examples?

1.1 Types of Statistical Studies

Variables Explanatory: The variable that is being manipulated Response: The variable we are measuring

Observational Study Vs. Experiment Observational study: Observes individuals (population) and measures variables of interest. Experiment: Intentionally manipulates one variable (explanatory) in an attempt to cause and effect on another variable (response). The purpose to create a cause-and-effect relationship.

Population Vs. Sample We’d like to know about an entire population of individuals, but examining all of them is usually impractical, if not impossible. We settle for examining a smaller group of individuals—a sample—selected from the population.

Population Vs. Sample Sampling is a natural thing to do. Think about sampling something you are cooking—you taste (examine) a small part of what you’re cooking to get an idea about the dish as a whole.

Checking for Understanding The age of every third person entering a clothing store.   The amount of energy collected from every wind turbine on a wind farm. The annual salary of each pharmacist at a pharmacy.

Checking for Understanding The cholesterol level of 20 patients in a hospital with 100 patients.   The soil contamination levels at 10 locations near a landfill. The revenue of each of the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Observational Study or Experiment Does reducing screen brightness increase battery life in laptop computers? To find out, researchers obtained 30 new laptops of the same brand. They chose 15 of the computers at random and adjusted their screens to the brightest setting. The other 15 laptops screens were left at the default setting-moderate brightness. Researches then measure how long each machine’s battery lasted. Is this an observational study or experiment? Justify your answer. Experiment because the treatment was imposed on the laptops.

Observational Study or Experiment An educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software for teaching biology with that of a textbook presentation. She gives a biology pretest to each of a group of high school juniors, then randomly divides them into two groups. One group uses the computer, and the other studies the text. At the end of the year, she tests all students again and compares the increase in biology test scores in the two groups. . Is this an observational study or experiment? Justify your answer. Experiment because students were assigned randomly to the different teaching methods

Observational Study or Experiment One study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators matched each cancer patient with a person of the same age, gender, and race who did not have brain cancer, then asked about the use of cell phones. Results “Our data suggest that the use of handheld cellular phones is not associated with the risk of brain cancer.” Is this an observational study or experiment? Justify your answer. Observational because the researchers did not assign people to either use or not use cell phones.

Observational Study or Experiment A study of child care enrolled 1364 infants and followed them through their sixth grade year in school. Later, the researcher published an article in which they stated that “the more time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-half and kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive. Is this an observational study or experiment? Justify your answer. Observational because children weren’t assigned to different amounts of child care.