Acids Chemical Bonding

Types of Chemical Bonds There are 3 forms of chemical bonding: IONIC: Occurs between a metal and a nonmetal Complete transfer of 1 or more valence electrons from one atom to another (One loses electrons that the other gains, forming oppositely charged ions that attract one another) COVALENT: Occurs between two nonmetals Some valence electrons are shared between atoms METALLIC: Occurs between two metals A sea of electrons that can hold metals together *Most bonds are somewhere between ionic and covalent

Acids are SPECIAL Covalent Bonds Remember: Covalent bonds are formed by two nonmetals sharing electrons. For acids one of the nonmetals is always hydrogen.

Properties of Acids

Lewis Dot Structure of Acids Drawing the Lewis Dot Structure for an acid follows the exact same rules as covalent molecules But wait… what are the electronegativity values?

Determining Types of Bonds If the difference in electronegativity is between: 1.7 to 4.0: Ionic 0.5 to 1.6: Polar Covalent 0.0 to 0.4: Non-Polar Covalent Example: HF H = 2.1, F = 4.0 Difference is 1.9, so this is an ionic bond? WAIT A MINUTE.

What to know about Acids Yes. A molecule is an acid if it STARTS WITH a H Not always true in real life, but it will be for us at this moment in time. Yes. They are covalent molecules. They follow the exact same rules when drawing Lewis Dot Structures. Yes. They form like ionic compounds. They follow the exact same rules when writing chemical formulas. No. They aren’t named like either one. They have their own special naming system. Ugh.

All acids will end in the word “acid”. How to write a name All acids will end in the word “acid”.

How to write a name When to include prefix “Hydro” Use the prefix “Hydro” only when the formula includes hydrogen and one other element. HCl = hydrochloric acid Always “Hydro(Insert element here)-ic Acid Remember: Short Formula = Long Name There is one exception to this rule.

How to write a name When to leave out the prefix “Hydro” Do not use the prefix if there is a polyatomic ion HClO3 = chloric acid Remember: Long Formula = Short Name How to write a name When to leave out the prefix “Hydro”

How to write a name One more thing…Oxyacids When naming acids with polyatomics, sometimes there are two ions with similar names: Ex) Nitrate and Nitrite If the polyatomic ion ends in “–ate”, then the suffix “-ic” will be added. Example – Nitrate  HNO3  Nitric Acid If the polyatomic ion ends in “–ite”, then the suffix “-ous” will be added. Example – Nitrite  HNO2  Nitrous Acid

Writing Names Practice HCl  Hydrochloric Acid HNO2  Nitrous Acid HNO3  Nitric Acid Formula Name HF HBr H3PO3 H2SO4 H2SO3 Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrobromic Acid Phosphorous Acid Sulfuric Acid Sulfurous Acid

Writing Names Practice HCl  Hydrochloric Acid HNO2  Nitrous Acid HNO3  Nitric Acid Formula Name Hydroiodic Acid Hydrocyanic Acid* Hydrosulfic Acid Boric Acid Chlorous Acid HI HCN H2S H3BO3 HClO2