A search for molecular mechanisms underlying male idiopathic infertility  An Bracke, Kris Peeters, Usha Punjabi, David Hoogewijs, Sylvia Dewilde  Reproductive BioMedicine Online  Volume 36, Issue 3, Pages 327-339 (March 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005 Copyright © 2018 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Schematic representation of human spermatogenesis. Six causal gene mutations have been described for azoospermia/oligozoospermia: TEX11, TEX15, MCM8, SYCE1 ZMYND15 and TAF4B. These genes are placed in the scheme where they function in the spermatogenic process. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2018 36, 327-339DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005) Copyright © 2018 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Representation of the genes linked to the three different teratozoospermic (RED) phenotypes and asthenozoospermia (BLUE). A) Macrozoospermia = sperm cells with enlarged and irregular shaped heads and multiple flagella. B) Globozoospermia = round sperm cells lacking the acrosome. C) MMAF = multiple morphological anomalies of the flagella: spermatozoa with absent, short, bent, and coiled flagella and flagella of irregular width. Asthenozoospermia = sperm cells with impaired motility. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2018 36, 327-339DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005) Copyright © 2018 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Comparative proteome analyses in asthenozoospermic men resulted in the identification of 128 altered proteins. The protein cellular functions were determined according to the information available at the UniProt website. Proteins were grouped as those that were present at higher abundance and those that were present at lower abundance in spermatozoa from asthenozoospermic men compared with fertile men. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2018 36, 327-339DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005) Copyright © 2018 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Schematic representation of a mature human sperm cell. Proteins that are altered in expression in asthenozoospermic men can be classified in three main functional classes: energy metabolism (glycolysis in head and principal piece and TCA and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria); cytoskeleton; and protein folding/degradation. Horizontal bars indicate the region of the sperm cell were these proteins are functioning. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2018 36, 327-339DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005) Copyright © 2018 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Comparative proteome analyses in normozoospermic infertile men resulted in the identification of 123 altered proteins. The protein cellular functions were determined according to the information available at the UniProt website. Proteins were grouped as those that were present at higher abundance and those that were present at lower abundance in sperm from normozoospermic infertile men compared with fertile men. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2018 36, 327-339DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005) Copyright © 2018 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions