Mitochondria and Chloroplast

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Presentation transcript:

Mitochondria and Chloroplast Cellular respiration Uses oxygen to generate ATP from sugars, fats, etc. Chloroplast: Photosynthesis Converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight

Endosymbiosis theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryote Evidence: mitochondria and chloroplast have similarities with bacteria Both have double membranes Both contain ribosomes and circular DNA They are autonomous

Evolution of eukaryotes

Cytoskeleton Functions: Components: Mechanical support Maintains cell shape Cell motility Components: microtubules: Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments

3 types of fibers Microtubules hollow rods Give rigidity for organelle movement Separation of chromosome in cell division EX: Centrosomes and centrioles, cillia and flagella

Microfilaments: solid rods Bears tension cell motility (contractile apparatus of muscles) Support cell shape Movement or more surface area

Intermediate Filaments: More permanent Function: bears tension Reinforce cell shape fix organelle position lines the nuclear envelope's interior

Cell Wall Cellulose Functions Structure Protect, maintain shape, and prevent excess water loss and uptake Structure primary cell wall – thin & flexible secondary cell wall – tough & strong middle lamella - sticky polysaccharides

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Outside plasma membrane in animals Strengthens tissues and transmits info. Made of glycoproteins (i.e. collagen) Secreted by cells Regulates cell through integrins (membrane proteins)

Cell Junctions Plasmodesmata Joins internal chemical environment of adjacent cells

Tight Junctions: hold cells together tightly to block transport of substances No space

Desmosomes: fasten cells together into strong sheets Attach muscle cells

Gap Junctions: Cytoplasmic channels for materials to pass Cell communication Cardiac muscle and embryos

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