CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

Intro to A&P Anatomy – Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

Levels of Organization Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization: Atom- particles which make up matter Organelle- Cell- basic unit of structure and function Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions. Organs- Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely together Organism-

Levels of Organization

Requirements of Living Organisms Water Food Oxygen Cell respiration Heat Controls rate of reactions Pressure

Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things) Movement Growth Reproduction

Characteristics of Life Digestion Circulation Excretion Together. these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

Organ Systems (11 total) Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs (hair, nails and sweat glands). Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory receptors Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue. Production of blood cells Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea Exchange gases between air and blood Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs. Production of new organisms Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

Organ Systems Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement. Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. Transports products throughout body. Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from digestive tract.

Organ Systems Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines. Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed. Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra Remove waste from blood and maintain water balance

Homeostasis Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment Use homeostatic mechanisms: Receptors- Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F) Effectors-

Negative Feedback Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point) Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

Homeostasis - Positive Feedback Definition – Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth

Blood Glucose Level

Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two: 1 Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two: 1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes: - Nasal - - Oral - Middle ear - Sinuses b. Vertebral - - includes s.c.

Major Body Cavities a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity – 2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities: a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity – Mediastinum – the space separating the two lungs; includes: - pericardial cavity – Diaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes: - abdominal cavity - - pelvic cavity -

Body Cavities

Anatomical Terminology Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

Anatomical Position When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position: Standing Facing forward Palms facing forward

Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part w/respect to another Superior vs. Inferior Anterior vs. Posterior Medial vs. Lateral Distal vs. Proximal

More Anatomical Positions Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral Deep vs. Superficial Peripheral

Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe locations of organs

Membranes 2 types: 1. visceral – covers an organ 2. parietal – Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities: Example – visceral pleura parietal peritoneum