Hydrogeology EEES 4410/5410 Jamie M. Martin-Hayden Associate Professor (419) 530-2634 Jhayden@UTnet.UToledo.edu

Ground Water The Unseen Part of the Water Cycle Aquifer Salt Groundwater

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Earth materials Rock Sediment (Soil) Water Geologic processes Form, Distribute and Change earth materials Water is a primary agent of many (all?) geologic processes

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Interactions go both ways Groundwater controls geologic processes Geology controls flow and availability of groundwater

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Geology controls groundwater flow Permeable pathways are controlled by distributions of geological materials

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Geology controls groundwater flow Permeable pathways are controlled by distributions of geological materials

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Geology controls groundwater flow Permeable pathways are controlled by distributions of geological materials Where groundwater is available as a resource is controlled by geology

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Geology controls groundwater flow Permeable pathways are controlled by distributions of geological materials Where groundwater is available as a resource is controlled by geology Contaminant transport in the subsurface is controlled by geology

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Groundwater controls geologic processes Volcanic Processes: Groundwater controls water content of magmas Groundwater injected by magmas can metamorphose country rocks Geysers are an example of volcanic activity interacting with groundwater

Hydrogeology Defined Water/Earth Interactions Groundwater controls geologic processes Earthquakes: fluids control fracturing and fault movement, lubrication and pressures Landslides: groundwater controls slope failure Landforms: Valley development and karst topography

Trends in population and freshwater withdrawals by source, 1950-2000.

Trends in total water withdrawals by water-use category, 1950-2000.

1861: Frazier v. Brown English Rule in Ohio Ohio Groundwater Law 1843: Acton v. Blundell “English Rule” The landowner can pump groundwater at any rate even if an adjoining property owner were harmed. 1861: Frazier v. Brown English Rule in Ohio Groundwater is “…occult and concealed…” and legislation of its use is “…practically impossible.”

Wisconsin Groundwater Law 1903: Huber v. Merkel English Rule in Wisconsin A property owner can pump unlimited amounts of groundwater, even with malicious harm to a neighbor. 1974: Wisconsin v. Michels Pipeline Constructors Inc. English Rule Overturned   Landowners no longer have “an absolute right to use with impunity all water that can be pumped from the subsoil underneath.”

English Rule Overturned in Ohio 1984: Cline v. American Aggregates  English Rule overturned in Ohio   Justice Holmes: “Scientific knowledge in the field of hydrology has advanced in the past decade…” so it “…can establish the cause and effect relationship of the tapping of underground water to the existing water level.” Today: Lingering effects of English Rule It is very difficult to prove cause and effect to be defensible in court.

Who Uses Ground Water? Eg. Groundwater use in Ohio

Most available fresh water is ground water The Hydrologic Cycle Atmosphere 0.0001% Streams and Lakes 0.01% (3%) Oceans 97.2% 0.61% (97%) Most available fresh water is ground water

The Hydrologic Cycle Atmosphere (global moisture transport) Component The Hydrologic Cycle Transfer Atmosphere (global moisture transport) Precipitation Precipitation Overland flow Evaporation & Transpiration Evaporation Infiltration Fresh Surface Water (Lakes, Streams, wetlands) Stream flow (runoff) Runoff Ocean (salt water) Baseflow Ground Water (Ground-Water Flow)

The Hydrologic Cycle Atmosphere 13,000 km3/yr Fresh Surface Water Component The Hydrologic Cycle Transfer Atmosphere 13,000 km3/yr Precipitation 320,000 km3 Precipitation 100,000 km3 Overland flow Evaporation & Transpiration 70,000 km3 Evaporation 350,000 km3/yr Infiltration ? Fresh Surface Water 125,000 km3 (runoff) Ocean 1.32 b km3 Runoff 38,000 ? ? Baseflow ? Ground 8.35 m km3 Water