DAY 1 Leaf Structure

Chemical reactions (require enzymes) Performed by autotrophs Photosynthesis Respiration Main Job: Main Job: Autotrophic nutrition, Produces food (glucose) Releases energy from bonds of food to produce ATP BOTH Involve water Who does it?: Who does it?: Autotrophs (plants & algae) all living things (including autotrophs) Chemical reactions (require enzymes) Reactants (what it needs): Reactants (what it needs): CO2 + H2O (carbon dioxide + water) C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose + oxygen) Performed by autotrophs Products (what it makes): Products (what it makes): C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose + oxygen) Maintain homeostasis CO2 + H2O + ATP (carbon dioxide, water, energy) Where? Require energy Where? chloroplasts mitochondria

Design a Leaf!! What would be the best structure for a leaf to carry out its major function…PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!??? Place the following in order from the top of the leaf to the bottom. A.Spongy layer allowing gases to flow to the choloroplasts B.Thick, waxy layer C. Layer of cells with the MOST chloroplasts D. Layer of cells that includes holes for gases to enter or “leave” the leaf E. Layer with veins to carry glucose and water to and from the leaf

Leaf Structure (cross section) Upper epidermis Cuticle Palisade Mesophyll Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll Chloroplasts Lower Epidermis Xylem Vein (xylem & phloem) Phloem Guard Cells Stomate (Stoma)

Parts of a Leaf 1. Upper Epidermis: 2. Cuticle: 3. Palisade Mesophyll: 4. Chloroplast: 5. Xylem: 6. Phloem: Outer layer, only 1 cell thick, allows light to enter Waxy, protective transparent waterproof covering Tightly packed, MOST photosynthesis here Sites of photosynthesis (contain pigment chlorophyll) Vascular tissue that carries water up from roots to leaves Vascular tissue that carries glucose from leaf to rest of plant

Parts of a Leaf (con’t) 7. Guard Cell: 8. Stomates: 9. Vein: 10. Lower epidermis: 11. Spongy Mesophyll: 12. Mesophyll: Control (REGULATE) the opening and closing of stomata Holes on bottom of leaf, allow gas exchange & water loss TRANSPORTS water and glucose through plant Bottom layer, contains guard cells and stomates Contains air spaces allow gases to circulate (O2 & CO2) Middle layers of leaf (spongy & palisade)

DAY 2 Photosynthesis

Bellwork Transport, Nutrition, Regulation and Respiration are 4 of the life functions carried out by all living things! How does the leaf carry these out in plants? In Greek, “stomata” means “mouth”…why do you think the holes in the bottom of the leaf are called stomates?

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Song Brainpop

The Sun is the ultimate source of mostly all energy on Earth! Heterotrophs: Autotrophs: cannot produce their own food, obtain energy from the foods they consume Ex. animals, fungi, most bacteria are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food Ex. plants, algae & some bacteria that

Photosynthesis: process by which…plants use the energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy sugars (a.k.a. “autotrophic nutrition”) Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis within the cell Chlorophyll – a green pigment found in the chloroplast, absorbs light energy

Photosynthesis Equation light Main product? Waste product? Reactant? Reactant? 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen Opposite of Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP enzymes light enzymes

Uses for Glucose Produced Energy source for cellular respiration Can be converted into more complex starches (like cellulose) & stored by plants

Uses for Oxygen being Produced required by most living things for aerobic cellular respiration! Plants can transfer some of the oxygen produced to their own mitochondria to perform aerobic respiration! Plants do Respiration TOO!

DAY 3 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Light Dependent & Independent Reactions

Chemical reactions (require enzymes) Performed by autotrophs Photosynthesis Respiration Main Job: Main Job: Autotrophic nutrition, Produces food (glucose) Releases energy from bonds of food to produce ATP BOTH Involve water Who does it?: Who does it?: Autotrophs (plants & algae) all living things (including autotrophs) Chemical reactions (require enzymes) Reactants (what it needs): Reactants (what it needs): CO2 + H2O (carbon dioxide + water) C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose + oxygen) Performed by autotrophs Products (what it makes): Products (what it makes): C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose + oxygen) Maintain homeostasis CO2 + H2O + ATP (carbon dioxide, water, energy) Where? Require energy Where? chloroplasts mitochondria

Why are plants and algae considered “self-sustaining”? Plants can transfer some of the oxygen produced at the chloroplasts to their own mitochondria to perform aerobic respiration!

What factors can affect the Rate of Photosynthesis? Amount of light (more light, more photosynthesis) Availability of water Temperature (enzymes that work best between 0 – 35 degrees Celcius) pH of soil/water (can affect enzymes)

2 Major Sets of Photosynthetic Reactions 1. Light Dependent Reactions Location: grana Requires light Photolysis takes place, (using light energy to split water molecules into hydrogen atoms & oxygen gas) ATP is produced

2. Light Independent / (Carbon-Fixation) Location: stroma Does not require light (but requires products of the light dependent reactions) Also known as the Calvin cycle

Design a photosynthesis experiment with Elodea! Bromothymol Blue – pH indicator, turns yellow in a weak acid (around 6.0) - good indicator of dissolved carbon dioxide Elodea Freshwater plant Straw Parafilm Think about …. what a plant uses What a plant makes Which reactant/product can be measured using these materials? 5 Test tubes don’t forget control group(s)!! Tin Foil

Write-up On loose leaf… -Title -Hypothesis -Data Table (Including setup and results) Analysis Describe the changes that occurred. Why do you think this happened? Sources of error? Conclusion Did the data support your hypothesis? Suggestions for improvement

DAY 4 Photosynthesis SAT II Light Dependent & Independent Reactions Chart & Flowchart

Practice Questions Which process is directly used by autotrophs to store energy in glucose? (1) diffusion   (2) respiration  (3) photosynthesis (4) active transport

Practice Questions What does the process of photosynthesis produce? 1) starch, which is metabolized into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis 2) protein, which is metabolized into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis 3) glycerol, which is metabolized into more complex carbohydrates by dehydration synthesis 4) glucose, which is metabolized into more complex carbohydrates by dehydration synthesis

Practice Questions Which process provides most of the oxygen found in Earth's atmosphere? 1) photosynthesis 2) aerobic respiration 3) dehydration synthesis 4) fermentation

Uses for Glucose Produced Energy source for cellular respiration Can be converted into more complex starches (like cellulose) & stored by plants

Uses for Oxygen being Produced required by most living things for aerobic cellular respiration! Plants can transfer some of the oxygen produced to their own mitochondria to perform aerobic respiration! Plants do Respiration TOO!

Longest = radio waves shortest = gamma waves Bees can see the beginning of the ultraviolet light section of the spectrum where frequencies are close to those of visible light.

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobilins It absorbs all other wavelengths of light Green b/c it is reflected and not absorbed by pigments

Use light energy to produce ATP & NADPH (an electron carrier) Photosynthesis (Light Reactions) - YouTube Use light energy to produce ATP & NADPH (an electron carrier) To make sugar called PGAL Thylakoid membranes of grana of chloroplast Stroma of chloroplast Only in light (though light is not required) Only in light Light Water ADP + P NADP+ ATP NADPH Carbon dioxide Oxygen gas (waste) ATP NADPH Sugar (PGAL)  glucose

H20 ATP NADPH ADP + P NADP+ CO2

Write on the back of packet… Extra Credit Write on the back of packet… 8-10 line poem on one of these topics (or a combination of 2) Respiration: Include these terms – Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, lactic acid breathing, animals, plants, energy Photosynthesis: Include these terms – Leaf, autotrophs, chloroplast, carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, water, sunlight The Leaf: Include these terms – Stomate, open, chloroplast, exchange, palisades, waxy cuticle, sunlight