Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) C Tom Foxon School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham Nottingham 2015
What is MBE? Growth of epitaxial films on a hot substrate from molecular beams under ultra-high vacuum conditions. III-V Semiconductors ( also used for gp IV, II-VIs, metals, oxides etc) Typical growth rates: one monolayer/sec (equivalent to a pressure of 10-6Torr) Nottingham 2015
MBE systems old and new Nottingham 2015
MBE schematic Nottingham 2015
MBE cells schematic Nottingham 2015 Typical effusion cell for Al, Ga etc. Nottingham 2015
Growth of GaAs from Ga & As2 C T Foxon and B A Joyce, Surface Science 64 (1977) 293 Nottingham 2015
Growth dynamics - RHEED Nottingham 2015
Growth dynamics - RHEED Nottingham 2015
Scanning tunnelling microscopy Atomic resolution using a tip close to the surface Nottingham 2015
Large area STM images Initial surface before growth after 3 Large area STM images Initial surface before growth after 3.5 MLs deposited Sudijono et al, J Crystal Growth 280 (1993) 247 Nottingham 2015
Superlattices All SL laser QW 8 MLs AlAs 8MLs GaAs 1ML= 0.28nm Nottingham 2015
MBE at Nottingham (1991 with John Orton) AlGaInN or III-Nitrides Spintronics - GaMnAs, CuMnAs etc. Amorphous III-Arsenide Nitrides Free standing AlGaN Photocathodes – with Photek Graphene-Boron Nitride Nottingham 2015
Nottingham 2015
Active species from the plasma OED (745nm) 869nm Source A Nottingham 2015
Morphology for growth on sapphire Nottingham 2015
Growth on GaN substrates Nottingham 2015
CuMnAs after annealing Nottingham 2015
Low temperature MBE growth of GaNAs RMS roughness is ~0.2nm Nottingham 2015
Measurements at Berkeley – Yu et al Nottingham 2015
Free standing cubic AlGaN Nottingham 2015
The worlds hotest MBE Nottingham 2015
Epitaxial graphene by heating SiC Nottingham 2015
Graphene grown from carbon on sapphire Nottingham 2015
Graphene grown from carbon on sapphire Nottingham 2015
Summary MBE gives excellent control of composition and thickness, with both in-situ and ex-situ characterisation In-situ monitoring with mass spectrometry for growth kinetics, with RHEED and STM for growth dynamics. Since coming to Nottingham, we have extended the materials grown by MBE to include, nitrides, spintronics amorphous nitrides, bulk AlGaN and photocathodes (at Photek). The latest venture is graphene-boron/nitride Nottingham 2015