Lipids What do you mean I’m fat!?

Lipids – chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and some Oxygen that is insoluble in water. (doesn’t dissolve) Lipids can be used to: Store energy (some fats store energy) make up components of cell membranes Lipids are fats & oils made up of fatty acids

I. There are 3 types of Fatty Acids: Saturated fatty acids Phospholipids Unsaturated fat (includes polyunsaturated)

First, what exactly is a Fatty Acid? A chain of Carbon atoms “saturated” with Hydrogen atoms. It has a “head” or Carboxyl group (COOH-) It has a “tail” or the Carbon chain

The “head” end loves water and is given the name HYDROPHILLIC The “tail” end is scared of water and is given the name HYDROPHOBIC You will see why this is so important when we talk about Phospholipids.

Saturated Fatty Acids found in butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats Is solid at room temperature

Saturated Fatty Acids because the fatty acid has 3 fatty acid chains, it is called a TRIGLYCERIDE Bad fats - the 3 fatty acid chains are joined together by a glycerol molecule. The Carbons are joined together by a single bond.

This is like the “shorthand way to draw it 2. Phospholipids A lipid with 2 fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol head is called a PHOSPHOLIPID (because it also has phosphorous in it) This is like the “shorthand way to draw it Hydrophilic “head” Hydrophobic “tails”

Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of Phospholipids Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of Phospholipids. This is what makes our cells almost waterproof. Water outside Cell Outer Layer Inner Layer Water inside Cell

3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids found in plant oils (olive oil, corn oil, some fish oils) are liquid at room temperature Is almost the same as a saturated fatty acid, BUT! *Some of the carbons have double bonds This causes a “kink” in the carbon chain and makes the molecule bend.

If the Unsaturated fatty acid has only 1 double bond in the chain, it is called: Unsaturated If the Unsaturated fatty acid has more than 1 double bond in the chain, it is called: Polyunsaturated Remember, the fatty acid chains are held together by a glycerol molecule.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Use your flow chart for this… LIPIDS Monomer: = Fatty acid & Glycerol Polymer: = Does not form Polymers Macromolecule: = Fats, Phospholipids Function: = Stored Energy, used for cell membrane

There are two types of Nucleic Acid NUCLEIC ACIDS There are two types of Nucleic Acid DNA & RNA

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – is needed for all cell activity including cell division It is your genetic information RNA – Ribonucleic Acid – transfers information that is essential in manufacturing proteins

Nucleic acids are composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorous. The “monomers” of Nucleic acids are called: “Nucleotides”

A DNA nucleotide is made up of 3 things… 1. A Phosphate group 2. A Sugar (5 Carbon ring) Deoxyribose (DNA) 3. A Nitrogen group We’ll go into greater detail later in the year

RNA is very similar to DNA is that it is composed of nucleotides: The main difference is the sugar Ribose. Ribose sugar

DNA is double stranded which means it has 2 nucleotides connected by their nitrogen bases.

U RNA is single stranded which means it has nucleotides on one side only.

Use your flow chart for this… NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomer: = Nucleotide Polymer: = DNA, RNA Macromolecule: = DNA, RNA Function: = Encodes genes, Gene expression

PROTEINS Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Proteins are polymers with monomers called: AMINO ACIDS (sometimes called Peptide) Our body makes proteins, and we also eat the protein made by other animals like steak, chicken, pork and other meats.

So a chain of Amino Acids make up a protein. Proteins can: Control the rate of reactions (Ex. Enzymes) - Regulate cell processes Forms bones and muscles (Ex. Actin & Myosin) Transport substances in and out of cells (Ex: Hemoglobin) - Help fight diseases

The AMINO ACIDS are the secrets to a Protein - there are only 20 different Amino Acids Proteins are just chains of amino acids put together. When proteins are bonded together, it is called a Peptide Bond

A Amino Acid consists of 4 parts DRAW THIS!!! A Variable group Amino group NH2 Carboxyl group COOH- A Hydrogen

What the heck is a Variable group? If all the Amino Acids were the same…how come we have 20 different types? The Variable group is the difference for each amino acid (kind of like a fingerprint)

- The amino group covalently joins with the COOH group. - This allows you to make long chains of amino acids easily. When proteins are bonded together, it is called a Peptide Bond Two Amino acids bonded together, it is called a Dipeptide - The function of each protein depends on specific sequence of amino acids.

Parts of certain proteins fold over to form specific structures. 1. A long chain of amino acids makes up the Primary Structure

2. Portions of particular sequence of proteins coil (Alpha Helix), while others fold into (Beta pleated sheets) structures joined by hydrogen bonds. This is known as the Secondary Structure.

At this stage some proteins are complete. 3. Interactions between the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds) cause the protein to form a tight 3-D structure called a Tertiary Structure At this stage some proteins are complete.

4. Some proteins have other folded amino acid chains, (sub-unit proteins) join with the tertiary to form even a larger protein called a Quaternary Protein Structure.

Protein Denaturation - a change in pH, salt [ ], temperature, or other alterations that cause a protein to unravel and lose conformation Biologically inactive

Use your flow chart for this… PROTEINS Monomer: = Amino Acids Polymer: = Small proteins Macromolecule: = Globular protein, Structural proteins Function: = control rate of reaction regulate cell processes form structures transport substances through the cell