Karyotypes and Pedigrees

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Presentation transcript:

Karyotypes and Pedigrees

Chromosomes Somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Autosomes chromosome pairs # 1-22 contain genes that are NOT related to gender Sex chromosomes Pair # 23 X and Y Determine gender in mammals

Karyotype Map of all 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Used to identify chromosomal abnormalities. Extra or missing chromosomes Deletion or duplication of a segment of a chromosome.

Nondisjunction Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. Result is gametes with too many or too few chromosomes.

Result of Nondisjunction Monosomy- missing a chromosome (1). Karyotype will have 1 chromosome instead of 2. Trisomy- one extra chromosome (3). Karyotype will have 3 chromosomes instead of 2.

Pedigree Chart used for tracing phenotypes in a family. Phenotypes are used to infer genotypes. ? ? ? ? ? ?

Reading Pedigrees = male = female If shaded in, individual has the trait. If half shaded, individual is a carrier (has the gene but not the trait). Carrier has the gene but does not have the physical trait. Cannot be a carrier of a dominant trait! A white shape (not shaded) indicates the individual does not have the gene.

Practice reading the pedigree below ? ? ? ? ? ?

Pedigrees and Chromosomes If trait occurs equally in males and females, it is probably on an autosome. If trait is far more common in males, it is probably on a sex chromosome.