Absolutism and Enlightment Highlights

Absolutism After a period religious and territorial conflicts that caused warfare and revolts, absolute monarchs rule Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia.

The Thirty Years’ War Rising Tension Bohemian Protestants Revolt Tension rises between Lutherans and Catholics in central Europe Bohemian Protestants Revolt In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II) Result in Thirty Years’ War—conflict over religion, land, power

Thirty Years’ War (continued) Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes spelled “Habsburg”) From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many victories Troops plunder many German villages

Plundering of a large farmhouse

The Strappado- torturing of renegade soldiers

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1619-1637)

House of Habsburg coat of arms at their height

Austrian Hapsburg Coat of Arms

Current Flag & Coat of Arms of Austria civil flag of Austria coat of arms of Austria

State and War Flag of Austria A combination of the civil flag and the coat of arms of Austria.

Thirty Years’ War (continued) Hapsburg Defeats In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants Peace of Westphalia War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends war Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peace Beginning of Modern States Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states

This is the end… of the Thirty Years’ War Peace of Westphalia Effects: Germany’s economy ruined Population devastated A huge movement against the mistreatment of civilians Hapsburg Empires weakened France stronger Ended religious wars in Europe

Philip II and Louis XIV A main goal of Philip II and Louis XIV was to maintain absolute power

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Spain’s problems Inflation population increase, price increase drop in silver value taxes expulsion of Jews and Moors no middle class merchant guilds no capitalism; wealth flowed out Dutch Revolt occupation force Calvinism and taxes William of Orange - 1579 United Provinces of the Netherlands

Louis XIV Rules Absolutely Louis XIV – 1643 - l'etat c'est moi (I am the state) most powerful king crown at age 5 Cardinal Mazarin - 1643-1661 Louis’ minister 1648 Thirty Years War Treaty most powerful in Europe fight with nobles centralization of power noble exclusion intendants tax and justice agents Jean Baptiste Colbert finance minister mercantilism policies Edict of Nantes revocation

Louis’s Grand Style Nobility Versailles morning dress increased royal authority dependence on Louis kept from locales Versailles 11 miles from Paris $2B in 1994 dollars 36K laborers 500 yards long What is similar in China? Arts patronage Sun King glorify the king

Versailles Gardens

Suleiman I and Peter the Great Both expanded their territory

Peter the Great Takes the Throne Russia in the 1600s land of serfs and boyars mid-1850s serfs attached to land isolation Constantinople Eastern Orthodox Mongol threat Peter the Great – 1696-1725 future of Russia warm water seaport competition westernization ‘Grand Embassy’ customs and technology England, Germany, Austria

Divine Right Monarchs believed in divine right- the idea that God created the monarchy and they were to act as God’s representatives on earth An absolute monarch answered only to God- not his or her subjects

William & Mary 1688-1762 Offered the throne by Parliament James II flees England for France Share power with Parliament

Limits the power of the English Monarchy Magna Carta signed by King John Habeas Corpus Act passed during the rule of Charles II Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights agreed to by William and Mary

Thomas Hobbes English writer of Leviathan People are guided by basic survival instincts Government must keep order “Without government our lives would be nasty, brutish, and short!”.

John Locke English writer of Two Treatises on Government Supports a constitutional government Government must protect our natural rights “All people have the natural rights, including life, liberty, and property.

3 major philosophies emerged Belief in Progress A more Secular Outlook More trust in science

The Enlightenment in America Enlightenment ideas had a major influence on the leaders of the American Revolution. English leaders in America shared with John Locke the traditions of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights. When the Americans rebelled in 1775, they pointed to the abuse of their rights by the English king. The Declaration of Independence echoed Locke’s ideas on natural rights and the purpose of government.