IntelliDriveSM Connectivity and the Future of Surface Transportation Ray Krammes FHWA Office of Safety RD&T U.S. Department of Transportation AASHTO SCOHTS Meeting Salt Lake City, UT April 29, 2010 “IntelliDrive is a concept that leverages technology to promote connectivity among vehicles, roadway infrastructure, and consumer electronic devices, to improve safety, enhance mobility, and reduce the environmental impact of surface transportation.” It’s thru the leveraging of technology to create a richly connected environment where we see substantial opportunity for making surface transportation safer, smarter, and more environmentally friendly. While there are many technical and non-technical issues still need to be resolved, we see a huge opportunity if we are successful

The Problem!!! Safety 40,000 deaths/year 6,000,000 crashes/year Leading cause of death for ages 4 to 34 Environment 2,900,000,000 gallons of wasted fuel Mobility 4,200,000,000 hours of travel delay $80,000,000,000 cost of urban congestion

It’s All About Connectivity “The Network” Opportunity for Innovation E-payment Real Time Network Data Signal Phase and Timing Situation Relevant Information Safety Messages Probe Data Instrumented Roadside

Opportunity for Safer Driving Greater situational awareness, i.e., your vehicle can “see” nearby vehicles and knows roadway conditions you can’t see Avoid crashes thru: Driver Advisories Driver Warnings Focus is DSRC 5.9 GHz Communication can be to or from vehicle (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), and/or nomadic devices (V2D) Work Zone Notification Intersection Collision Avoidance

Infrastructure Component Infrastructure-based systems can serve as starting point for IntelliDriveSM applications, offering immediate benefits is some cases Many infrastructure-based ITS technologies are already in use or under development to enhance safety Variable speed limits Adaptive signal timing systems Speed-activated curve warning systems Cooperative intersection collision avoidance systems (CICAS)

CICAS—Stop Sign Assist Problem: Drivers either do not see or underestimate speed of approaching traffic while waiting at rural two-way stop-controlled intersection. Solution: Infrastructure-based sign provide information on “unsafe” gaps based trajectories of approaching vehicles estimated from roadside sensors Status: Piloted in 2008 with good results 3-year field operational testing at 3 intersections Purpose Drivers do not see or underestimate the speed of approaching traffic while waiting at a rural two-way stop controlled intersection Intersections are clear of obstructions and have excellent sight lines The crashes occur after the vehicle has stopped at the stop sign-not a TCD violation problem Traditional engineering countermeasures have proven ineffective Solution MN DOT and the University of Minnesota have developed an infrastructure based sign using roadside sensors and radars located at the intersection Assist drivers with judging gap intervals, clearance, and timing Provide information regarding UNSAFE gaps Cost of system is the same as a rural signalized retrofit Unlike signals, this system does not disrupt flow on mainline Pilot study conducted in 2008 - Positive Results Three year field operational test is underway Two additional intersections will be identified for deployment Signs will be turned “on” for all passing vehicles Although system is effective as an infrastructure-based only solution, efforts will be taken to assess the added benefits of vehicle connectivity In this example: --Mainline traffic approaching from the left is at least 7.5 sec, but less than 11.5 sec away. --Mainline traffic approaching from the right is less than 7.5 sec away.

CICAS—Signalized Left Turn Assist Problem: drivers misjudge gaps in approaching traffic when making left turn on permissive green Solution: monitor gaps in oncoming through traffic and warn turning driver of “unsafe” gaps Status: under development Purpose Support driver making a left turn on a permissive green light 27% of intersection crashes Caltrans and UC Berkley are working to develop a countermeasure Will warn drivers when it is unsafe to make a left turn Solution Caltrans and UC Berkley are currently making field observations of driver gap acceptance Algorithm development is critical – Avoid false alarms Must account for presence of pedestrians in crosswalk Solution will involve infrastructure sensing components initially, and then migrate to vehicle connectivity to maximize benefits Continue to make field observations of driver turning behavior at live intersections Conduct Human Factors study on driver left-turn movements Refine algorithm to achieve maximum effectiveness Determine best practice for signal phase and timing (SPAT) to be broadcast to vehicles from a variety of controllers Determine most effective interface design and placement

V2I Safety Plan Track 1 – Applications Analysis Selection of safety applications (Sept-Oct 2010) Track 2 – Prototype Applications Field Operational Test (FOT) “go/no-go” decision (mid-2012) Track 3 – Communications, Mapping, and Positioning Test and evaluate SPaT, issue SPaT policy guidance (mid-2013) Test and evaluate mapping and positioning solutions Test and evaluate communication requirements Track 4 – Benefits Assessment Perform FOTs based on selected safety applications (2013-2014) Track 5 – Deployment Planning Development of toolbox for practitioners and Public Agency Guidelines (2014)

Challenges Some of the major items: Industry adopted standards for national interoperability Security Scalability Financing model Deployment scenario Governance structure Quantifying benefits 9

Opportunities to Participate Input to IntelliDriveSM safety research program Participate in upcoming stakeholder webinars and meetings Contact: RITA ITS JPO: Mike.Schagrin@dot.gov FHWA: Gregory.Davis@dot.gov or Ray.Krammes@dot.gov

AASHTO Involvement AASHTO IntelliDriveSM Working Group AASHTO IntelliDriveSM Strategic Plan NCHRP FY 2011 Project supporting implementation of AASHTO Strategic Plan IntelliDriveSM Transportation Pooled-Fund Study TPF-5(206) Contact Jim Wright, jwright@aashto.org

For More Information… http://www.intellidrive.org/ 12