EDTHP 115 11/13/02 Twentieth-Century Reforms Progressive Era Images Diversity Decades of reform [note: not covered]

Administrative Progressives Ellwood Cubberley, Stanford Professor and Reformer (Scientific Management) Take schools out of politics Base education on science not tradition Efficient management of schools Differentiate structure Classify and differentiate students Assimilate immigrants Education is part of the battle in international competition

Administrative Progressives’ Specific Reforms Administrative Reorganization IQ Testing and Classification of Students Curricular Differentiation (tracking) to “meet the needs of the individual student” Including the addition of new courses Career Counseling and Vocational Programs Additions to structures of schooling—Junior High, Distinct High Schools

Pedagogical Progressives John Dewey (1859-1952) School and Society, 1899 Education and Democracy, 1916 Experience and Education, 1938 William H. Kilpatrick The Project Method Progressive Education Association

John Dewey 1890s 1930

Dewey’s Main Ideas A commitment to democratic education Authoritarian schools a disservice to society Students should be free to test all ideas and values Classrooms should be places where students learn to experience, engage directly in life activities, and learn to work together Child-centeredness balanced with Subject-centeredness Importance of scientific method

Francis Parker Important Influence on Dewey and Progressive movement

Social Reconstructionists George Counts “Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order,” 1933 Opposed overly “child-centered” education Stance on “indoctrination”

Theories of Education Progressivism Scientific Management/Social Efficiency Social Reconstructionism Existentialism Perennialism Essentialism

Diversity in the Progressive Era Race Class Gender Perceived physical or intellectual ability Potential Vocation Life adjustment education