Yvonne J. M. Janssen-Potten, MSc, Henk A. M

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Chair configuration and balance control in persons with spinal cord injury Yvonne J.M. Janssen-Potten, MSc, Henk A.M. Seelen, PhD, Jan Drukker, PhD, Jos P.H. Reulen, PhD Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 81, Issue 4, Pages 401-408 (April 2000) DOI: 10.1053/mr.2000.3859 Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Relation between information displayed on monitor and button pair arrangement. Arrows indicate the buttons subject must press when signalled by the display at the intertrial interval (ITI) (hold down start button [SB]), at the warning signal (WS) (continue to press the SB), and at the imperative stimulus (ISt) (press target buttons [TBs] that correspond to signal on screen). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The four tested chair positions: S, standard chair (10° reclining); 7T, the chair tilted 7°; 12T, the chair tilted 12°; and 22R, the chair back reclined 22°. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 An example of the recorded signals, showing center of pressure (CP) displacement and erector spinae muscle activity at thoracic level T9 (EST9) during the first 1,000ms (period I) and at final target button release (period X), related to button status: WS, warning signal; ISt, imperative stimulus; RT, reaction time; t1, time of final target button release; MT, time between final target button release and pressing the start button again. I is the first 1,000ms; X is t1 ± 20% of MT. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Average maximal unsupported reaching distance and 99% confidence interval of the mean for all groups in the four chair configurations: ■, high SCI; ▴, low SCI; ♦, non-SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Average CPmax values and 99% confidence interval of the mean for all groups, for all four reaching conditions during period X (final target button release) (*statistically significant change in CP displacement compared with the standard chair). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Ratios relative to the standard chair and 99% confidence interval of the mean for all groups in the 90% reaching condition during period I (the first 1,000ms of the test) (*statistically significant change in the EMG activity compared with the standard chair). ES, erector spinae; L, lumbar; T, thoracic; SA, serratus anterior; OA, oblique abdominal muscles; PM, cranial section of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major; LD, latissimus dorsi; TPA, ascending part of the trapezius. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Ratios relative to the standard chair and the 99% confidence interval of the mean, for all groups in the 90% reaching condition during period X (final button release) (*statistically significant change in EMG activity compared with the standard chair). ES, erector spinae; L, lumbar; T, thoracic; SA, serratus anterior; OA, oblique abdominal muscles; PM, cranial section of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major; LD, latissimus dorsi; TPA, ascending part of the trapezius. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000 81, 401-408DOI: (10.1053/mr.2000.3859) Copyright © 2000 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions