Figure 3 Polysaccharides from plants and mushrooms

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Figure 3 Polysaccharides from plants and mushrooms have antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects via the gut microbiota Figure 3 | Polysaccharides from plants and mushrooms have antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects via the gut microbiota. Dietary polysaccharides are not digested in the duodenum because of the absence of suitable enzymes. Polysaccharides reach the large intestine, where they are digested by the gut microbiota to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which induce the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by intestinal cells. SCFAs and GLP-1 reach the blood circulation and have direct and indirect anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects on the human body, notably acting in the brain to reduce appetite and in muscles, adipocytes and the liver to enhance insulin sensitivity. In addition, SCFAs and GLP-1 reduce lipid accumulation, which in turn reduces inflammation. Polysaccharides also induce occludin and zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) expression in intestinal cells, maintaining intestinal integrity and preventing the release of pro-inflammatory bacterial endotoxins into the bloodstream. Modified with permission from Nature Publishing Group © Canfora, E. E. et al. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11, 577–591 (2015). Modified with permission from Nature Publishing Group © Canfora, E. E. et al. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11, 577–591 (2015). Martel, J. et al. (2016) Anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.142