Figure 4 Altered metabolism in chondrocytes in osteoarthritis

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Figure 4 Altered metabolism in chondrocytes in osteoarthritis Figure 4 | Altered metabolism in chondrocytes in osteoarthritis. Chondrocytes in osteoarthritis (OA) switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis as their main source of energy metabolism. In osteoarthritic joints, chondrocytes are exposed to proinflammatory cytokines and microenvironmental alterations, including hypoxia and nutrient stress. Mitochondrial metabolism is impaired and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate, causing damage to mitochondria which inhibits AMPK signalling and activity, downregulate SIRT1 and decrease levels of PGC1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ETC, electron transport chain; GLUT1, glucose transporter type 1; PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α; SIRT1, NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1; TCA, tricarboxylic acid. Mobasheri, A. et al. (2017) The role of metabolism in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2017.50