DSB induced by 5-OH-dCTP is generated during DNA repair via Nth. DSB induced by 5-OH-dCTP is generated during DNA repair via Nth. (A) Survival of stationary-phase cultures after exposure to 200 mg/L Rif, 30 mg/L Cfx, or 10 mg/L Str at the indicated times posttreatment. (B) DSB levels measured by TUNEL assay at the indicated times posttreatment. (C) Rif-resistant mutation frequencies (MFs) of stationary-phase Msm strains. Data shown are mean ± SE with at least three independent experiments. Significant values are *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Xiao-Yong Fan et al. PNAS 2018;115:9:2210-2215 ©2018 by National Academy of Sciences