Fig. 4-1: Pure-crystal energy-band diagram

Fig. 4-2: n-type material 2

Fig. 4-3: p-type material 3

Fig. 4-4: Electron diffusion across a pn junction

Fig. 4-5: Reverse bias condition

Fig. 4-6: Forward bias condition

Fig. 4-8: Double-heterostructure configuration

Fig. 4-9: Surface-emitting LED

Fig. 4-10: Edge-emitting LED

Fig. 4-14: LED spectral patterns

Fig. 4-15: Light-emission cone

Fig. 4-16: 3-dB bandwidth points

Fig. 4-17: Laser transition processes

Fig. 4-18: Fabry-Perot resonator cavity

Fig. 4-19: DFB laser

Fig. 4-20: Optical output vs. drive current

Fig. 4-21: Fabry-Perot laser spectrum

Fig. 4-30: Relaxation oscillation peak

Fig. 4-31: Temperature dependence

Fig. 4-35: Modulation methods

Fig. 4-38: Speckle patterns

Fig. 4-39: Time-resolved laser spectra