1 mV

Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Alcohol General Anesthetics familial startle syndrome

Chem. driving force Elec. driving force

Rasmussen’s Encephalatis AMPA Receptor Kainate Receptor

Glutamate receptor excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) + Vc Postsynaptic Neuron Presynaptic glutamatergic Neuron Glutamate receptor excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) AMPAR EPSC NMDAR EPSC Vm = -35 mV AMPAR EPSC NMDAR EPSC Vm = -70 mV

Hippocampal long-term potentiation

ionotropic receptors metabotropic receptors Effector

Ionotropic receptor synaptic actions Metabotropic receptor synaptic actions Direct Indirect slower (0.1-100 s) fast (ms) open or close channels open synaptic channels resting channels, voltage-gated channels, fast synaptic channels channels only at synapse modulate excitability excite or inhibit AP

ACh closure PIP2 PLC Gq IP3 DAG Ca release Protein kinase C

1.5 nA 1. Slow EPSP 2. Decrease in slow delayed rectifier K current 1. Decrease in resting outward K current 1. Slow EPSP