APAH – GARDNER CHAPTER 2-2 PP. 43-47 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST APAH – GARDNER CHAPTER 2-2 PP. 43-47

SECOND MILLENIUM BCE Third Dynasty of Ur falls to the Elamites Next 2 centuries in Mesopotamia – several city states HAMMURABI – centralized control over southern Mesopotamia Most famous king in Mesopotamian history Great conqueror Hammurabi’s Law Code – first detailed set of written laws -> early 18th century BCE

(2-19) Code of Hammurabi Babylon (modern Iran), Susian c. 1792-1750 B (2-19) Code of Hammurabi Babylon (modern Iran), Susian c. 1792-1750 B.C.E. Basalt

(2-19) Code of Hammurabi Babylon (modern Iran), Susian c. 1792-1750 B (2-19) Code of Hammurabi Babylon (modern Iran), Susian c. 1792-1750 B.C.E. Basalt Flashcard Hammurabi united Mesopotamia in his lifetime Took Babylon from a small power to dominant kingdom Text is in Akkadian Contains the earliest written law code below the main scene Shamash, the sun god, is enthroned -> presents signs of royal power to Hammurabi Hierarchy of scale -> even seated Shamash’s shoulders are at same level of standing Hammurabi Shamash gives authority to king and the laws -> king gives the laws to the people

LION GATE, HATTUSA Babylonian Empire toppled by the Hittites in 1595 BCE HATTUSA - Hittite capital city in Anatolia City built of large stone blocks LION GATE – two huge lions projecting from massive stones guard the gateway to the citadel HITTITE ART AND ARCHITECTURE

ASSYRIA First half of first millennium the Assyrians conquer Babylonians, Hittites, and Elamites Reconstruction drawing of the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, Iraq, ca. 720-05 BCE citadel was unfinished Assyrian Art/Architecture – Assyrians took name from the city Assur (named for god Ashur) display of Assyrian power strong defensive walls/city measures square mile in area/palace elevated 50 ft., covered 25 acres, had more than 200 courtyards and rooms/had great ziggurat (7 stories)- Sumerian bent-axis approach

Assyrian Art /Lamassu- ca. 720-705 BCE Citadel of Sargon II High Relief- Limestone Winged, human-headed bull to guard gate- ward off king’s enemies Conceptual Approach (show all important parts) Composite View (front and side view in motion – has 5 legs) (2-25) Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) Neo-Assyrian c. 720-705 B.C.E Alabaster Flashcard

Lamassu

ASSYRIAN ARCHERS PURSUING ENEMIES RELIEF Assyrian archers pursuing enemies, relief from the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Kalhu, Iraq, ca. 875-60 BCE. Painted Gypsum relief, 2’ 10” high Assyrian historical narrative reliefs commissioned for palace walls to show royal power and piety episode from 878 BCE- Ashurnasirpal drove his enemy’s forces into the Euphrates River artist told story clearly and economically= distances compressed, human actors large so stand out different view points in same frame/ composite view of figures/ archers bowstrings in front of bodies but behind heads= didn’t want to hide their faces

PALACE OF ASHURBANIPAL Carved hunting reliefs North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh in Iraq 645-640 BCE Gypsum, 5’ 4” high Hunting as manly virtue The Assyrian empire 900-612 BCE -> Neo-Babylonians -> then the Persians