Contra Costa County CERT Program Unit 5 – Light Search & Rescue Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Contra Costa County CERT Program Unit 5 – Light Search & Rescue Released: 18 August 2011 Rev. 18 August 2011

Community Emergency Response Team Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Community Emergency Response Team Personal safety is ALWAYS the number one priority Work as a team Wear personal protective equipment…gloves, helmet, goggles, N95 mask and boots The CERT goal is to do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number Hope for the best but plan for the worst Rev. 18 August 2011

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Unit Objectives Identify size-up requirements for potential search and rescue situations Describe the most common techniques for searching a structure Use safe techniques for debris removal and victim extrication using a lever and cribbing Rev. 18 August 2011 2

Top Ten Natural Disasters Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Top Ten Natural Disasters Event Year FEMA Funding Hurricane Katrina (AL, LA, MS) 2005 $7.2 billion* Northridge Earthquake (CA) 1994 $6.961 billion Hurricane Georges (AL, FL, LA, MS, PR, VI) 1998 $2.251 billion Hurricane Ivan (AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, NJ, NY, PA, TN, WVA) 2004 $1.947 billion** Hurricane Andrew (FL, LA) 1992 $1.813 billion Hurricane Charley (FL, SC) $1.559 billion** Hurricane Frances (FL, GA, NC, NY, OH, PA, SC) $1.425 billion** Hurricane Jeanne (DE, FL, PR, VI, VA) $1.407 billion** Tropical Storm Allison (FL, LA, MS, PA, TX) 2001 $1.387 billion Hurricane Hugo (NC, SC, PR, VI) 1989 $1.307 billion Ranked By FEMA Relief Costs Rev. 18 August 2011 3

What is the chance of a big earthquake? Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 What is the chance of a big earthquake? "The USGS has estimated a 62 percent chance of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake in the Bay Area within the next 28 years" - John Rundle, director of the Center for Computational Science and Engineering at the University of California, Davis 2008 Rev. 18 August 2011 4

The Bay Area Risk Assessment

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Rescue Skills Needed 5% USAR Teams Entombed Void Space Non-Structural Entrapment 15% Emergency Services Provider Non-Structural Entrapment 30% CERT Teams Injured NOT Trapped 50% Spontaneous Rescue Teams Rev. 18 August 2011 6

The Golden Day Entrapped Victim Survival Rate Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Time Until Rescue Survival Rate 30 Minutes 99.3% 1 Day 81.0% 2 Days 36.7% 3 Days 33.7% 4 Days 19.0% 5 Days 7.4% The chances of survival without water after two or three days drops significantly. Buck Helm’s Car Cypress Structure Loma Prieta Earthquake Photo Courtesy of Ben Ho Rev. 18 August 2011 7

Goals of Search and Rescue Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Goals of Search and Rescue Keep rescuers safe Rescue greatest number in shortest amount of time Get “walking wounded” out first Rescue lightly trapped victims next Rev. 18 August 2011 8

Search and Rescue Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search and Rescue Operations 1. Size-up Evaluate everything that is going on 2. Search Locate victims Document location 3. Rescue Involve procedures and methods to extricate victims Rev. 18 August 2011 9

Search and Rescue Safety Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search and Rescue Safety Always have a whistle! The following “Emergency Alerting System” is to be used in the event of problems at the site: Evacuate - 3 short blasts (1 second each) Out – Out - Out Drop everything and get out now! Cease Operations - 1 long blast (3 seconds duration) Quiet Stop what you’re doing and wait for instructions Resume Operations -1 long and 1 short blast Oooh - Kay This is the FEMA US&R Standard Rev. 18 August 2011 10

Search and Rescue Safety Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search and Rescue Safety Earthquakes aftershocks Severe after shocks following a major earthquake are common and can create additional injuries and fatalities Unstable structures including bridges, overpasses, high rises, homes and water towers may suffer further collapse as a result of after shocks First responders must be constantly aware that they may be affected by such events and take necessary precautions while conducting their operations. Many injuries and deaths of first responders could be prevented if more precautions against additional shock waves were taken Rev. 18 August 2011 11

Search and Rescue Safety Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search and Rescue Safety With the constant threat of terrorist attacks it is essential that response teams pay special attention to a very new and potentially deadly threat Everyone has to heighten their awareness of their surroundings Secondary explosions are becoming common techniques used to cause serious injury and possibly mass death for response teams There are no second chances when explosions are used for this purpose After an explosion it is safe to assume that a secondary devise is involved, unless proven otherwise Rev. 18 August 2011 12

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Before You Start STOP Stop Think Organize Plan Rev. 18 August 2011 13

Effective Search and Rescue Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Effective Search and Rescue Effective size-up Rescuer safety Victims safety Rev. 18 August 2011 14

CERT Search and Rescue Size-up Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 CERT Search and Rescue Size-up Gather Facts Assess Damage and Communicate Consider Probabilities Assess Your Situation Establish Priorities Make Decisions Develop Plan of Action Take Action Evaluate Progress Rev. 18 August 2011 15

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 1: Gather Facts Consider: Time of event and day of week Type of structure and construction type Weather Hazards Occupancy Gather facts accurately Rev. 18 August 2011 16

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 2: Assess Damage 360 degree (overview and assessment) Identify entry and egress routes Identify hazards Is it safe to enter ? Potential for occupants Interview neighbors Voice ‘call out’ Rev. 18 August 2011 17

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Assess Damage CERT mission changes if: Damage is light Damage is moderate Damage is heavy Consider structure type and age Never enter a structure with heavy damage! Rev. 18 August 2011 18

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Assess Damage Light Damage Light: Superficial or cosmetic damage, broken windows, fallen plaster; primary damage to contents of structure Locate, triage, and prioritize removal of victims to designated treatment areas by the medical operation teams Rev. 18 August 2011 19

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Assess Damage Moderate Damage Moderate: Questionable structural stability; fractures, tilting, foundation movement or displacement Locate, stabilize, and immediately evacuate victims to a safe area while minimizing the number of rescuers inside the building Rev. 18 August 2011 20

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Assess Damage Heavy Damage Heavy: Obvious structural instability; partial or total wall collapse, ceiling failures Secure the building perimeter and control access into the structure by untrained but well-intentioned volunteers Rev. 18 August 2011 21

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Assess Damage Heavy Damage Loma Prieta earthquake damage in San Francisco. The soft first story is due to construction of garages in the first story and resultant reduction in shear strength. Photo from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/photos.html Rev. 18 August 2011 22

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Collapse Zone: Stay Out of This Area The collapse zone is one and a half times the height of the building (X), in all directions (Y) Example: 40’ tall building, collapse zone is 60’ out from building For buildings, chimneys and other tall things that can fall or crumble Danger tape goes here Rev. 18 August 2011

Hazards – Light Frame Construction Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Hazards – Light Frame Construction Loose HVAC equipment Cracked stucco Check doors and frame to see if square Brick chimneys Broken electrical Lines Masonry veneer can fall off House off foundation Broken glass Loose roof tiles Separated porches or overhangs Broken Gas and Water lines Rev. 18 August 2011 24

Frame House Forces

Light Frame Collapse Pattern

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Light Frame Construction Copyright FEMA News Photo Rev. 18 August 2011 27

Separation Between Buildings Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Separation Between Buildings Are walls parallel? Don’t Get Caught in the Middle! Rev. 18 August 2011 28

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Above Ground Hazards Fallen Fixtures Loose Ceiling Structure Glass Unsecured Furniture Rev. 18 August 2011 29

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Ground Level Hazards Unstable Buildings Falling Debris Energized Wires Loose Footing Hazmat Emotionally Unstable Survivors Fire Glass Animals Rev. 18 August 2011 30

Natural Gas: Locate The Shutoff Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 Natural Gas: Locate The Shutoff 3/31/2017 Rev. 18 August 2011

Water Service: Locate The Shutoff Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Water Service: Locate The Shutoff Rev. 18 August 2011

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Below Level Hazards Rev. 18 August 2011 33

Step 3: Consider Probabilities Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 3: Consider Probabilities Consider what probably will happen and what could happen How stable is the situation? What else could go wrong? What it all means for the Search and Rescue? Rev. 18 August 2011 34

Step 4: Assess Your Situation Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 4: Assess Your Situation Assess : Whether the situation is safe enough to continue The risks that rescuers will face if they continue What resource you will need to conduct the operation safely What resources are available Personnel Equipment Tools Rev. 18 August 2011 35

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Know Your Limitations Rev. 18 August 2011 36

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Take A Break BE BACK IN 10 MINUTES Rev. 18 August 2011 37

CERT Search and Rescue Size-up Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 CERT Search and Rescue Size-up Gather Facts Assess Damage Consider Probabilities Assess Your Situation Establish Priorities Make Decisions Develop Plan of Action Take Action Evaluate Progress Rev. 18 August 2011 38

Step 5: Establish Priorities Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 5: Establish Priorities What should be done? In what order? How to rescue the greatest number in the shortest amount of time? Rev. 18 August 2011 39

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 6: Make Decisions Keep in mind: Safety of CERT members Life safety for victims and others Protection of the environment Protection of property Rev. 18 August 2011 40

Step 7: Develop Plan of Action Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 7: Develop Plan of Action Focus operation on established priorities and decisions Provide for documentation to give to responding agencies Provide for documentation to become part of CERT records Rev. 18 August 2011 41

Safety Considerations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Safety Considerations Make rescuer safety your primary concern Use a buddy system Be alert for hazards Use safety equipment Rotate teams Teamwork = Success Rev. 18 August 2011 42

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search Methodology An effective search methodology: Is systematic and thorough Avoids unnecessary duplication of effort Provides for documentation of search results Rev. 18 August 2011 43

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search Methods Call out to victims 2. Stop frequently to listen 3. Use systematic search pattern Mark searched areas to document what you found Report what you found Rev. 18 August 2011 44

Conducting Search Operations Pancake Voids: Pancake voids (most common in pre-1933 buildings) are small voids throughout a structure that are created by weakening or destruction of load-bearing walls and the resulting collapse of floors onto each other. Lean-To Voids: Lean-to voids are created when a collapsed wall or floor is resting against an outside wall, creating a pocket of space. “V” Voids: These voids are created by a “V” collapse of a floor or wall: the middle collapses and the ends lean against the outside walls..

Conducting Search Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Search Operations Individual Voids Rev. 18 August 2011 46

Conducting Search Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Search Operations Be thorough in your search ! Rev. 18 August 2011 47

Decision To Attempt Rescue Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Decision To Attempt Rescue Risk involved to the rescuer Greatest good for greatest number of people Rev. 18 August 2011 48

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 8: Take Action Start the Search Identify alternate exits Stay together & along the walls Start search from top down Right or left handed pattern Continue to call out and listen Move slowly testing the floor Mark each individual unit Complete “X” after leaving Rev. 18 August 2011 49

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 While Searching Always know the closest way out Knock, shout, and listen Call out to victims “If anyone can hear my voice, come here” Ask any victims who do respond for more information about the building or others who may be trapped Search under & around debris Check elevators Victims might be in shock or confused Always be alert for aftershocks, fires, and the smell of gas Rev. 18 August 2011 50

Conducting Search Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Search Operations Be Systematic ! Rev. 18 August 2011 51

Conducting Search Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Search Operations Be Systematic ! Rev. 18 August 2011

Conducting Search Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Search Operations Triangulate Rev. 18 August 2011

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 Search Marking System 3/31/2017 Indicates rescuer location Prevents duplication of effort Rev. 18 August 2011 54

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search Marking System NE means No Entry made Rev. 18 August 2011 55

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Victim Marking System Make a large “V” (2’ x 2’) with marker or Orange Paint near the known or potential victim. Add team ID and arrow with distance to the victim. Rev. 18 August 2011 56

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Victim Marking System Make a circle around the “V” when a potential victim has been confirmed to be alive. If more than one confirmed live victim, mark total number under the “V”. Rev. 18 August 2011 57

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Victim Marking System Make a horizonal line through the “V” when a potential victim has been confirmed to be dead. If a combination of live and deceased victims are found, make two “V”s. Rev. 18 August 2011 58

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Victim Marking System When all victims have been removed, make an “X” over the symbol. Rev. 18 August 2011 59

Building Marking System Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Building Marking System CERT OK NO CERT NO CERT Buildings are marked by Structural Engineers only! Rev. 18 August 2011 60

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Search Marking Examples Rev. 18 August 2011 61

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Building Marking Example Rev. 18 August 2011 62

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Exterior Search Set up a grid search Set distance between searchers according to visibility and debris Overlap patterns for full coverage Search in as straight a line as possible Mark areas that have been searched Rev. 18 August 2011 63

Conducting Rescue Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Rescue Operations Rev. 18 August 2011 64

Conducting Rescue Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Conducting Rescue Operations Maintain rescuer safety Create a safe rescue environment Move debris and objects out of the way Use tools not your backs to move objects Triage and stabilize victims in lightly and moderately damaged buildings Evacuate victims quickly but safely Rev. 18 August 2011 65

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Proper Lifting Method Back straight Bend knees Keep load close to body Push up with legs Rev. 18 August 2011 66

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Extrication Method Depends upon: General stability of immediate environment Number of rescuers available Tools and equipment available Strength and ability of rescuers Condition of victim Rev. 18 August 2011 67

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Removing Victims Types of victim removal include: Self-removal or assist Lifts and drags Allow victims to extricate themselves when possible Rev. 18 August 2011 68

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Single Person Lift If safety and time permit, you should not use lifts and drags to remove victims when closed-head or spinal injury is suspected One-Person Pack-Strap Carry One-Person Arm Carry Not Good Rev. 18 August 2011 69

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Two-Person Carry Two-Person Carry Chair Carry Better Rev. 18 August 2011 70

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Drags Backs! Good Rev. 18 August 2011 71

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Transporting Victims Bad Twisted Good Watch your backs!! Rev. 18 August 2011 72

Leveraging and Cribbing Operations Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Leveraging and Cribbing Operations ICS-US&R-120-1 Rev. 18 August 2011 73

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Planning / Staging Conduct a size-up of the scene Have one person in charge and formulate a plan of action Gather necessary materials for leveraging (lifting) and cribbing operations Rev. 18 August 2011 74

Leveraging And Cribbing When a large object such as a collapsed wall or heavy debris needs to be moved in order to free victims, leverage and cribbing may be used. Leverage is obtained by wedging a lever (pole or other long object) under the object that needs to be moved with a stationary object underneath it to act as a fulcrum. When the lever is forced down over the fulcrum, greater force is obtained to lift the object. A crib is a framework of wooden, plastic or metal bars used for support or strengthening. Box cribbing means arranging pairs of wood pieces alternately to form a stable rectangle. In a disaster situation, debris may be available to use for cribbing.

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Leveraging Lever Defined: A rigid bar, either straight or bent, that is free to move on a fixed point called a fulcrum A lever works by transferring a force from one place to another while at the same time changing the direction of the force Clallam County Technical Rescue Team photo Rev. 18 August 2011 76

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Cribbing Video Rev. 18 August 2011 77

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Leveraging (Lifting) Lift an inch, Crib an inch Stabilize the object to be lifted Initiate the lift using the lever and fulcrum for mechanical advantage Have someone available to handle the victim As the object is lifted, add cribbing as needed; build on the foundation of the box crib When the object is adequately supported, the victim may be removed Rev. 18 August 2011 78

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 Cribbing 3/31/2017 24,000 lbs. total if load is supported by 4 joints 54,000 lbs. total if load is supported by 9 joints 4” x 4” wood 6,000 lbs. at each joint Rev. 18 August 2011 79

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Cribbing Wood fails at cut ends first Overlap ends by width of member – 4x4 = 3.5” overlap Don’t crib higher than three times the width of the crib Load needs to be supported with wood-to-wood contact all the way to the ground Rev. 18 August 2011 80

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 Cribbing 3/31/2017 Shims are used to match the angle of a surface Shims balance the load by ensuring even contact Copyright Marin Sheriff’s Search & Rescue Rev. 18 August 2011 81

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Cribbing Wedges are used as variable height crib members Wedges are inserted as Married Pairs Wedges can be used as Inclined Planes to prevent sliding movement Single wedges can be used for temporary stabilization until flat pieces can be inserted Rev. 18 August 2011 82

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Cribbing Operations Cribbing Operations Check list S- Safety: Are we safe S- Size up: The situation S- Stabilize: All four corners R- Remove: Debris R- Raise: The load R- Rescue: Pull victim clear Keep hands and toes clear of the load. Rev. 18 August 2011 83

Resource Arrangement Example Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Resource Arrangement Example Safety Officer Rev. 18 August 2011 84

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Cribbing Example Stabilize structures Entry & Egress Provide rescuer safety Access to victims Rev. 18 August 2011 85

Step 9: Evaluate Progress Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Step 9: Evaluate Progress Most critical step Monitor plan’s effectiveness and safety Rev. 18 August 2011 86

Contra Costa County CERT - Unit 5 3/31/2017 Unit Summary CERT size-up for potential search and rescue situations Search techniques Lifts and drags Levers and cribbing Rev. 18 August 2011