Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER XIV Empires and Encounters 1450–1750 Columbian Exchange www.glscott.org

The Columbian Exchange It was the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds. This was an interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents www.glscott.org

The Columbian Exchange Massive native mortality created labor shortage. Migrant Europeans and African slaves created entirely new societies. American food crops (corn, potatoes and cassava) spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere. Potatoes allowed enormous population growth Corn & sweet potatoes were important in China and Africa www.glscott.org

www.glscott.org

Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas Europeans did not just conquer and govern established societies they created wholly new societies. All were shaped by mercantilism Colonies should provide closed markets for the mother country’s manufactured goods. But colonies differed widely, depending on native cultures and the sort of economy that was established Three types of economies settler-dominated agriculture slave-based plantations ranching or mining Europeans did not just conquer and govern established societies they created wholly new societies. All were shaped by mercantilism-This view held that European countries’ economic interests were best served by encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold which represented prosperity. Colonies provided their mother countries with great quantities of bullion. Colonies should provide closed markets for the mother country’s manufactured goods. But colonies differed widely, depending on native cultures and the sort of economy that was established Three types of economies settler-dominated agriculture slave-based plantations ranching or mining www.glscott.org

Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas Spanish conquest The mostly wealthy, urbanized, and populous regions of the Western Hemisphere. Within a century, the Spaniards established major cities, universities, and religious and bureaucratic infrastructure. A distinctive social order grew up Spanish conquest replicating the Spanish hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people. The society was dominated by Europeans. www.glscott.org

Rise of a distinctive social order replicated some of the Spanish class hierarchy         b. accommodated Indians, Africans, and racially mixed people         Spaniards were at the top, increasingly wanted a large measure of self-government from the Spanish Crown d. emergence of mestizo (mixed-race) population e. gross abuse and exploitation of the Indians         f. more racial fluidity than in North America www.glscott.org

Rise of a distinctive social order Peninsulares—Spanish born peoples Creoles-Spainards born in the Americas_ Mestizo—mixed race populations (the product of unions between Spanish men and Indian women Mulattoes—the product of Portuguese-African unions_   Indians-indigenous peoples www.glscott.org