Animal Kingdom: Comparative Anatomy Lecture 20: Anatomy Animal Kingdom: Comparative Anatomy A.Collins JSHS Pre-AP Biology

What do animals do to survive? Section 26-1 All Animals have are carry out Eukaryotic cells Heterotrophs Essential functions with such as No cell walls Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Invertebrate feeding and digestion Invertebrates can either have intracellular or extracellular digestion: Intracellular meaning that food is digested within each individual cell of the organism. Examples: Sponges Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the body. Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms

Invertebrate Digestive Systems Section 29-2 Intestine Gizzard Crop Mouth/anus Pharynx Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Annelid Anus Gastrovascular cavity Cnidarian Arthropod Crop Pharynx Anus Pharynx Mouth Mouth/anus Stomach and digestive glands Rectum Flatworm Intestine

Vertebrate Digestive Systems The digestive systems of many vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits. Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive tracts that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes. Herbivores have long intestines that have large colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the cellulose fibers in plant tissues.

The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates Section 33-3 The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum

Aquatic invertebrates Respiration in animals Aquatic invertebrates Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces, and some respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills. Terrestrial Invertebrates There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial invertebrates. Spiders use parallel book lungs Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an extensive surface area of blood vessels.

Invertebrate Respiratory Systems Section 29-2 Invertebrate Respiratory Systems Tracheal tubes Gill Siphons Movement of water Spiracles Insect Mollusk Airflow Spider Book lung

Vertebrate respiratory systems Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration: Gills – for aquatic chordates Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians Lungs - for terrestrial chordates Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Aquatic Gills Vertebrate Lungs Water flows through the mouth then over the gills where oxygen is removed Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped out through the operculum Section 33-3 Vertebrate Lungs Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Salamander Lizard Primate Pigeon

Open circulatory systems Invertebrate Circulatory systems Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems with many hearts and even systems with one heart. Open circulatory systems Blood is pumped through a system of vessels BUT is only partially contained in these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities. This system is beneficial to arthropods and mollusks because the blood comes into direct contact organs and tissues. Closed circulatory systems A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the vessels. This system is beneficial to larger organisms because the blood is kept at a higher pressure which allows for more efficient circulation within the organism.

Invertebrate Circulatory Systems Section 29-2 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems Heartlike structure Hearts Small vessels in tissues Heart Blood vessels Sinuses and organs Blood vessels Heartlike structures Insect: Open Circulatory System Annelid: Closed Circulatory System

Vertebrate circulatory systems Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in organisms with gills) to double loop systems. Double-Loop Circulatory System Single-Loop Circulatory System FISHES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS MOST REPTILES

Aquatic Invertebrate excretion Some aquatic invertebrates simply diffuse ammonia out their bodies into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away. Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round worms. Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes and excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin. Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea. Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is much less toxic than ammonia. This urea is eliminated from the body in urine

Invertebrate Excretory Systems Section 29-2 Invertebrate Excretory Systems Flame cells Flatworm Excretory tubules Nephrostome Excretory pore Flame cell Excretory tubule Nephridia Digestive tract Annelid Malpighian tubules Arthropod

Vertebrate Excretion Aquatic vertebrates kidneys and rely on gill slits to release excretory wastes into surrounding water for dilution. Terrestrial vertebrates rely on the kidney’s to filter out the ammonia and change it into urea and send it to be released in urine.

Nervous system All animals respond to their environment through specialized cells called nerve cells. In most animals nerve cells hook together to form the nervous system. Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to extremely complex. The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to phylum can be dramatically different.

Invertebrate Nervous Systems Section 29-2 Invertebrate Nervous Systems Vertebrate Nervous Systems Arthropod Brain Ganglia Ganglia Brain Flatworm Mollusk