GOES-R Hyperspectral Sensor/Science Requirements Timothy J. Schmit NOAA/NESDIS/STAR Advanced Satellite Products Branch (ASPB) Madison, WI And many others MURI Meeting June 9, 2005

GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) Disk Sounding Severe Weather Mesoscale Coastal Imager Solar Instrument Suite (SIS) Space Environment In Situ Suite (SEISS) Auxiliary Services (AUX) Magnetometer (MAG) Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) “Notional Architecture”

Mapping Requirements To System Solutions Coronagraph Microwave Sounder/Imager Potential P3I Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) Adv. Baseline Imager (ABI) Solar Imaging Suite (SIS) Space Env In-Situ Suite (SEISS) Instruments GOES Lightning Mapper (GLM) Baseline Instruments Hyperspectral Imager Solar Irradiance Sensor GOES-R System Other Users NWS OAR NOS NMFS NMAO PPI NOAA Users NESDIS Ecosystems, Weather & Water, Climate, Commerce & Transportation Aerosols Precipitation Atmospheric Profiles Ocean Space & Solar Clouds Land Requirements Atmospheric Radiance Atmospheric Winds Coastal Waters & Estuaries GPRD MRD

GOES-R Program Schedule As of: 22 Mar 05

NOAA Observational requirements are separated by discipline: Ocean (example): Atmosphere (example): Land (example): Space http://osd.goes.noaa.gov/industry_day.php

GOES-R Observational Requirements Aerosol Detection Aerosol Particle Size Suspended Matter Volcanic Ash Aircraft Icing Threat Cloud & Moisture Imagery Cloud Imagery Cloud Layers / Heights & Thickness Cloud Particle Size Distribution Cloud Base Height Cloud Ice Water Path Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Optical Depth Cloud Top Phase Cloud Top Height Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Type Cloud Top Temperature Enhanced "V"/Overshooting Top Detection Hurricane Intensity Convection Initiation Imagery: All-Weather / Day - Night Lightning Detection Low Cloud & Fog Turbulence Visibility Geomagnetic Field Derived Stability Indices Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile Rainfall Potential Dust/Aerosol Probability of Rainfall Rainfall Rate Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile Capping Inversion Information Moisture Flux Total Precipitable Water Total Water Content Pressure Profile Downward Solar Insolation CO Concentration Upward Longwave Radiation Ozone Total Downward Longwave Radiation Radiances Absorbed Shortwave Radiation Reflected Solar Insolation Fire / Hot Spot Imagery Flood / Standing Water Microburst Wind Speed Potential Derived Motion Winds SO2 Detection Land Surface (Skin) Temperature Clear Sky Masks Surface Emissivity Surface Albedo Vegetation Fraction Vegetation Index Sea & Lake Ice / Displacement & Direction Sea & Lake Ice / Age Sea & Lake Ice / Concentration Sea & Lake Ice / Extent & Characterization Sea & Lake Ice / Surface Temp Currents Ocean Color Ocean Optical Properties Ocean Turbidity Sea & Lake Ice / Extent & Edge Sea & Lake Ice / Motion Sea & Lake Ice / Thickness Ice Cover / Landlocked Snow Cover Snow Depth Sea Surface Temps Energetic Heavy Ions Solar & Galactic Protons Solar Flux: EUV Mag Electrons & Protons: Low Energy Solar Flux: X-Ray Mag Electrons & Protons: Med & High Energy Solar Imagery: X-Ray ABI – Advanced Baseline Imager HES – Hyperspectral Environmental Suite SEISS – Space Env. In-Situ Suite SIS – Solar Instrument Suite GLM – GOES Lightning Mapper Magnetometer

Sounder Comparison (GOES-Current to HES-Req) Current Requirement Coverage Rate CONUS/hr Sounding Disk/hr Horizontal Resolution - Sampling Distance 10 km 10 km - Individual Sounding 30-50 km 10 km Vertical resolution ~3 km 1 km Accuracy Temperature 2 deg. K 1 deg. K Relative Humidity 20% 10%

HES The Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) will be located on a geostationary platform. 2013 NOAA operational Currently in formulation phase HES is an outgrowth of earlier ABS efforts HES includes the functionality of the old Advanced Baseline Sounder (ABS) HES has been expanded to include other capabilities for environmental monitoring employing the improved temporal resolution from GEO. Coastal Ocean Open Ocean Land

HES-IR Tasks HES - Disk Sounding (HES-DS) Provide vertical moisture and temperature information, and other environmental data that will be used by NOAA and other public and private agencies to produce routine meteorological analyses and forecasts Provide data that may be used to extend knowledge and understanding of the atmosphere and its processes in order to improve short/long-term weather forecasts. HES - Severe Weather / Mesoscale (HES-SW/M) Provide environmental data that can be used to expand knowledge of mesoscale and synoptic scale storm development and provide data that may be used to help in forecasting severe weather events. Backup mode in the event of a GOES-R ABI failure (both).

HES-Disk Sounding (HES-DS) task Spatial Resolution IR: Threshold=10 km, Goal=2 km, Vis: Threshold=1.0 km, Goal= 0.5 km Coverage rate (Threshold) 62 degree LZA / hour at 10 km resolution Coverage area must be flexible and selectable. 1 1

HES-Severe Weather/Mesoscale task Spatial Resolution IR: Threshold=4 km, Goal=2 km, Vis: Threshold=1.0 km, Goal= 0.5 km Coverage rate 1000 km x 1000 km (locations vary) in 4.4 minutes Coverage area must be flexible and selectable. Spectral coverage: Specific examples are cited in the MRD, same as HES-DS Spectral resolution: 15 um CO2 band: 0.6 cm-1, Windows: 0.6-1.0 cm-1, Ozone: 1 cm-1, H2O: 1-2 cm-1, near 4 um: 2.5 cm-1, Visible: 0.18 um 1 1

IR Spectral Coverage (DS or SW/M) HES’ HES Note the HES may not have any data in the 7.3 um region! Note that 5 1 1

Much improved spatial coverage with the HES Sounder Current GOES Sounder coverage in one hour CIMSS A GOES-12 Imager Full Disk cloud-top pressure image. There’s also good correlation with GOES-12 sounder images. Possible uses: NWP assimilation Aviation interests ASOS support cloud climatology From Tony S. GOES-R HES Sounder coverage in one hour Cloud Top Pressure

Hyperspectral Environmental Suite Coastal Waters Coastal Water (CW) Imaging Coastal Waters within 400 km Vis Spatial resolution 300 m Spectral Range 0.4 m - 1.0 m 180 minutes hour refresh rate Can look over land also Air quality applications Locate many tornado tracks Flood extent Hurricanes

HES-CW coverage without cloud mask information from the ABI Circles are radius of 300 km and indicated a very notional CW scan pattern. Note that the the HES-CW task may provide coverage over cloudy regions if left to complete a large coverage area tasking, such as a survey of the East and Gulf Coasts. Default schedule might be to scan along entire coast.

HES-CW coverage with cloud mask information from the ABI Circles are radius of 300 km still. Here is an example of ABI targeting HES more effectively to observe the coastal waters under clear skies. Ultimately this would also afford more coverage times for other clear sky areas. Cloud mask from ABI would suggest to not scan over cloudy regions and hence other regions could be scanned.

Real-time, autonomous test on February 5th The example shown here indicates that autonomous tasking is possible even today. GOES Sounder Real-time Cloud Product successfully supplies data to automatically command NASA's EO-1 to choose one of two scenes: In a proof-of-concept test for synergistically using information from one satellite platform to better acquire data from another, on February 5, 2004, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Sounder Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) product (acquired via File Transfer Protocol (ftp)) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Science Goal Monitor (SGM) were used to perform a sensor web experiment.  The experiment was coordinated with D. Mandl of the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Two competing alternate scenes were loaded onboard Earth Observing (EO)-1 (initiated via SGM) and then 4 hours before overflight of the first potential scene, Rapid City, SD, SGM automatically queried the real-time hourly GOES Sounder cloud product to decide whether to proceed with the plan of taking Rapid City, SD or to switch the plan to taking Jornada, NM.  As it turns out, Rapid City was very cloudy and Jornada was clear as can be seen from the map generated by GOES and therefore, EO-1 was autonomously commanded to switch targets.  There was no manual intervention for this process. From Dan Mandl, NASA

Estimated (required) coverage times of typical areas at various spatial resolutions for the HES This is the estimated coverage rate for the HES tasks coverage various common coverage areas including the Full disk, the 62 degree LZA, the CONUS, a Mesoscale region, and the Coastal waters region, which is the length of the US East and Gulf coasts by the width of the exclusive Economic Zone (or about 400 km). Note that the highlighted region is simply the threshold coverage rate and threshold spatial resolution for the threshold task.

In addition to asking via the the ABI, other inputs for tasking could be NWP models (with a current output shown here), or the sounding task of the HES, or an operator. In this way regions of clear air in advance of storm formation can be observed to start to address convective initiation. Other important inputs for HES data collection locations could be: NWP, sounding instability, ABI cloud mask, NPOESS, operator, etc.

Sample GOES-R 3-hour schedule for the ABI and (1 telescope design) HES MSS = Mesoscale Scans from the ABI MS = HES-Sounder mesoscale mode FD = Full imaging disk scan FSD = Full “sounding” disk scan For a one telescope solution to HES, scanning utilizing ABI may be invoked as listed here. Recall that ABI can provide a 15 minute full disk, 5 minute CONUSs, and 30 minutes mesoscales or it can observe 5 minute full disks exclusively.

Visible image example Here is a visible image to show the cloud cover (GOES-East Example). Visible image to show the cloud cover (GOES-East Example). What follows is a HES example coverage loop.

HES-Sounding simulation at 10 km The next set of slides represents an example of a HES sounding coverage loop. Note time times listed in the lower right of the slide. 20:45 UTC

HES-Coastal Waters A HES-CW image simulation 20:55 UTC

HES-Sounding at 4 km Coverage of a sounding region is shown 21:00 UTC

HES-Coastal Waters A HES-CW image simulation 21:05 UTC

HES-Sounding 4 km 21:10 UTC

HES-Coastal Waters 21:15 UTC A HES-CW image simulation follows 5 minutes later 21:15 UTC

HES-Sounding 4 km Another sounding region is observed in another part of the country 21:20 UTC

HES-Coastal Waters 21:25 UTC A HES-CW image simulation follows 5 minutes later 21:25 UTC

HES-Sounding 4 km This sounding region is next to the previous one 21:30 UTC

HES-Coastal Waters 21:35 UTC A HES-CW image simulation follows 5 minutes later 21:35 UTC

HES-Sounding 4 km Another sounding region at 4 km resolution 21:40 UTC

HES-Sounding 10 km A CONUS observation provided the big picture again 21:45 UTC

GOES-R The great amount of information from the GOES-R series will both offer a continuation of current product and services, and also allow for improved or new capabilities. These products, based on validated requirements, will cover a wide range of phenomena. This includes applications relating to: weather, ocean, coastal zones, land, hazards, solar and space. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), the space and solar instrument suites (Solar Imaging Suite (SIS) and the Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) on GOES-R will enable much improved monitoring compared to current capabilities.

http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/hes/ http://osd.goes.noaa.gov/ http://www.osd.noaa.gov/ http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goesr_industry.htm

Fourth GOES-R Users’ Conference: May 1-3 2006: Location: Broomfield CO Will focus on User Readiness For more info: http://www.osd.noaa.gov/announcement/index.htm

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