International University of Japan Introduction Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D., Public Management and Policy Analysis Program Graduate School of International Relations International University of Japan

2 Information Systems “A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information.” Manual information systems Computerized information systems

3 Components of IS 1 Technological components: hardware, software, and telecommunication Organizational components: data/information, people, rules/procedures An information system is not simply a set of computer hardware (physical equipment) and software Telecommunications (Network): connectivity

4 Components of IS 2 Data and information (database) are essential since an information system is all about data and information. People operate and use the systems Procedures/rules to use systems and perform tasks. Formal and informal

Basic Functions of IS Input gathers and captures raw data 5 Basic Functions of IS Input gathers and captures raw data Process converts or transforms data into useful output (information) Output produces documents or reports of what was processed Feedback is information from the system and is used to make changes to input or process in the system

Data versus Information 6 Data versus Information Data: raw facts Information: facts organized and processed to have specific meaning and values

Type of Data Text data: letters, numbers, and other characters 7 Type of Data Text data: letters, numbers, and other characters Image data: graphic images and pictures Audio data: sounds (music & speech) and noise Video data: moving images and pictures

8 Valuable Information “To deliver the right information to the right person at the right time” (2011, p.3) Accurate, relevant, and complete Reliable and verifiable Timely and accessible (the right format) Simple (Well organized) Flexible and secure Economical (Table 1.2 in p. 7)

Five Basic Units 1 Input, output, control, ALU, and memory 9 Five Basic Units 1 Input, output, control, ALU, and memory Input unit reads data for processing Output unit displays processed data Control unit decodes instructions coordinate flow of data in and out of ALU, register, memory, etc.

Five Basic Units 2 ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) processes data 10 Five Basic Units 2 ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) processes data Memory unit : primary (volatile) and secondary (nonvolatile) memory to store data and information * System unit = Control + ALU+ Memory

Specific Information Systems 11 Specific Information Systems Electronic government, M-government Electronic commerce, M-commerce Transaction processing systems (TPS) Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Management information systems (MIS), PMIS Decision support systems (DSS) Knowledge management systems (KMS) Artificial intelligence, expert systems

12 Major Trends in IS 1 Interactivity (Web 2.0) allows users to get an immediate responses Connectivity connects computers, telephones, and other electronic devices.

13 Major Trends in IS 2 Digital convergence means technological merger of several industries through various devices that exchange information in the digital format used in computers. “The same information may be exchanged among many kinds of equipment, using the language of computers” (Hutchinson & Sawyer: 2000:1.24)

Major Trends in IS 3 Software dominates hardware 14 Major Trends in IS 3 Software dominates hardware Network based computing (cloud computing)

Why Publicness? Environmental factors Legal constraints 15 Why Publicness? Environmental factors Legal constraints Political influence Scrutiny Complexity of objectives (ambiguous goals) Fewer incentives for performance All these make difference

Public Information Systems 16 Public Information Systems More emphasis on openness, accountability, representativeness, equity More limited by environments (politics) External & vertical linkages Support a variety of people without discrimination (no digital inequality) Incremental approach (Bozeman and Bretschneider, 1986)

References Stair and Reynolds. 2016. Principles of information systems, 12th ed. Cengage Learning. Morley and Parker. 2015. Understanding computers, 15th ed. Cengage Learning. Hutchinson and Sawyer. 2000. Computers, Communications, and Information, 7th ed. Irwin/McGraw-Hill