Akane Wang Shiou An liang Emiri mizuo Kosovo Akane Wang Shiou An liang Emiri mizuo

KOSOVO FACTS: Capital – Pristina Ethnic Composition – 92% Albanians 8% Sebs, Bosniaks, Gorani, Roma, Turks, Ashkali, Balkan Egyptians Official Languages – Albanian Serbian

Post World War 2 1946 Kosovo absorbed into Yugoslav Federation Kosovo: autonomous province in Serbia 1948 Tito-Stalin Split 1968 Student demonstarations

1974 Yugoslav constitution recognizes autonomous status of Kosovo Kosovo Serbian Population<10% 1981 Kosovo-Albanians demands for a Republic status 1987 Anti-Bureaucratic revolution overthrew governments in the Serbian autonomous provinces of Kosovo SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC

1990 Kosovo’s autonomy taken away Human right abuses towards towards Kosovo-Albanians grow 1991 Yugoslav Wars Slovenia, Bosnia and Croatia declare independence Kosovo wants independence LDK Democratic league of Kosovo

LDK & RUGOVA LDK led by Rugova: appealing to the international community through NON-VIOLENT acts BUT Rugova’s non violent policies FAILED to win recognition at the Dayton Agreement

Kosovo liberation army (kla) 1995 Killing of Serb police man 1997 Gain arms and ammunition 1991 Arrest of Adem Jashari

The Beginning 1998 March Clinton Administration: Turning Point!  March 5th 1998, KLA Launched attack at Drenica Valley. 1998 March Clinton Administration: “we believe that in 1991, the international community stood by and watched ethnic cleansing in Bosnia.. We don’t want that to happen again this time” Drenica Valley Clinton speech

Reaction of Security Council UNSC resolution 1160: CHAPTER VII: “Threat to international peace and security” Russia & China Rest of the member Russia: Internal affair of the FRY. China: Intervention “without a request from the country concerned may set a bad precedent and have wider negative implications.” Clear threat to peace and human rights in the Balkans

NATO Reaction NATO: difficulties of going in Turning Point! Serbian attack on Decani (May 1998) -100,000 refugees fleeing Decani shocked Blair Administration NATO: difficulties of going in Do not want to support KLA’s attack against the Serbs The scale of Serbian counterattack was too big Will have to act without explicit SC authorization Photo of Decani

UN Resolution 1199 (September1998) Demanded a FRY and KLA ceasefire Legally binding under Chapter 7 not backed with military actions or sanctions Russia & China Britain & US Russia: Risk of destabilizing the Balkan region China (abstained): not a threat to international peace and security. Resolution invoked Chapter VII to threaten the FRY Wanted a stronger resolution than 1199

NATO Activation Turning Point!  Report of mass killings (Oct. 5, 1998) Russian opposition to intervene Oct. 13: NATO issued an activation order for air strikes without SC authorization Justified by existing Security Council Resolution ILLEGAL Photo of massacre oct. 5 Justified by: page 262 Resolution 1199 justified NATOs action. (German argument) Illegal

October Agreement Milosevic and Holbrooke’s agreement ceasefire, Serbian forces to withdraw ・1700 inspectors from OSCE entered the country. ・Unarmed NATO planes to watch over the area Kosovo remain part of FRY with autonomy Pic of Holbrooke Resolution 1203: debate (page 263) russia: we had the October agreement, should withdraw the inspectors.

Resolution 1203: demanded FRY to comply with the previous resolution and cooperate with the NATO and OSCE verification mission

Rambouillet and Paris Negotiation’s failure Turning Point! : KLA continued to attack, massacre of Racak (January 15, 1999) Rambouillet talk: failed A three-year transitional period Substantial autonomy, own police force, jurisdiction, and assembly. Limited FRY security and NATO led international force. Paris talk: failed Rambouillet talk pics

NATO Action March 15th new ethnic cleansing campaign by the Serbs March 23rd NATO launched air strike against Milosevic regime Bombing photo

NATO Airstrike: Four Justification Averting an impending humanitarian catastrophe NATO’s credibility at stake Ethnic cleansing should not be allowed In civilized Europe NATO’s use of force was in conformity with the existing resolution Ethnic cleansing Tony blaire talk Natos bombing Russia & china? Milosevic?

2 Main Reason of Using Air Force Avoid Risk of Deploying Ground Troops Effective in Bosnia Case Photo of bosnian case

But…. This accelerated the killings in Kosovo NATO: Military targets to infrastructural targets Consequence: Civilian casualties among the Serbs This accelerated the killings in Kosovo

End of War NATO considering a ground invasion. June 3rd EU-Russia Peace plan implemented 3 reasons: Terms: withdraw of all Serb forces; deployment of NATO led multinational force KFOR. NATO considering a ground invasion. They were losing Russian support. The KLA gaining grounds in the battle

NATO Action – Fail Points 1. Prevention is better than solution 2. Negotiated with FRY with unacceptable terms 3. The choice of means 4. Failed to protect Serbians in Kosovo after the war

Current Situation 2008 2013 Kosovo declares independence 90 countries approve Serbia disapprove 2013 Deal – grants autonomy to Serb majority areas Belgrade would ‘never recognize Kosovo’s independence’

Evaluation Supreme humanitarian emergency Necessity/ Last resort Positive humanitarian outcome Proportionality Humanitarian Motive Humanitarian justification Legality Selectivity 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 2 3 1

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