World War I The war to end all wars! Immediate cause: June 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip

Long term causes Militarism – aggressive build up of armed forces and weapons in preparation of war

Germany,Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, (Italy) Alliances – a complex system of alliances had developed in the late 19th Century Allied powers (Triple Entente) France, Great Britain, Russia Central powers (Triple Alliance) Germany,Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, (Italy)

Imperialism – the competition for colonies sharpened European rivalries Nationalism – (1) the great European powers tended to act in their own self interest (2) ethnic groups within European nations want independence.

Position of the United States At the start of the war, U.S. was NEUTRAL! By 1916 Wilson and Congress began to prepare for war

German submarine warfare! Between 1915 and 1917 friction between the US and Germany intensified German submarine warfare!

PROPAGANDA- Anti-German sentiment and Anti-Kaiser sentiment is fueled by propaganda criticizing German militarism

U.S. Enters the WAR! 1917 Germans sink LUISITANIA, a British ship with U.S. passengers Germans ignored SUSSEX PLEDGE- the 1916 promise to warn ships before attacking

ZIMMERMAN NOTE – Germany offers Mexico to “make war together and make peace together” in return for regaining land RUSSIAN REVOLUTION- Overthrow of the Czar makes U.S. more likely to join Allies

The War at Home To gain PUBLIC SUPPORT 1. Public Information: propaganda against Germany; Ban of all things German “Hate the Hun!”

Anti German-isms Frankfurter becomes “hot dog” Sauerkraut becomes “liberty cabbage” German measles become “liberty measles” Hamburger becomes “Salisbury steak” German language banned from public schools

2. SEDITION ACT- 1918 Made it a crime to speak out or publish anything that is “disloyal” to the US or to the Army/Navy ESPIONAGE ACT- 1917 illegal to interfere with the DRAFT

More than 1000 Americans were convicted of violating the Espionage or Sedition Acts Socialist Eugene Debbs was sentenced to 10 years for urging people to “resist militarism” and for criticizing the US government and business leaders

3. SCHENK vs. U.S.- 1919 Free speech/civil liberties CAN be restricted during wartime! Supreme Court rules against speech that creates a “clear and present danger”

Government Economic Controls RAISING MONEY and Regulating the Economy for war production 1. War Industries Board – controls production, rations raw materials; makes sure industry is helping the WAR effort!

Samuel Gompers pledges the support of Unions to the war effort

“Meatless Monday” “Wheatless Wednesday” 2. Food Administration – Increase output, eliminate waste-- Rationing of food. “Meatless Monday” “Wheatless Wednesday”

Prohibition 18th Amendment- No alcohol-- We need potatoes and grain for the WAR! Daylight Savings Time More time to farm, saves electricity

3. Increase Taxes, sell war bonds-

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT 1. Provided for a DRAFT of 18-45 year old men. 2.8 Million DRAFTED!

WORKFORCE AT HOME – At home, women and African Americans filled jobs usually held by men

500,000 African Americans left the South during World War I The need for workers in Northern industry sparks a “Great Migration” of African Americans from the South to the North 500,000 African Americans left the South during World War I

“Northern Fever”

This helps the Women’s Suffrage Movement! Women participated in the war effort in industry and by volunteering in the Red Cross This helps the Women’s Suffrage Movement!

Paris Peace Conference Wilson attends and is hailed as a hero in Europe Wilson fails to bring prominent Republican Senators to the conference Allied Powers in Europe interested in harshly punishing Germany and in enjoying the spoils of war

Treaty of Versailles Harsh reparations against Germany ($33 billion) Germany loses territory Provision for a League of Nations

President Wilson’s idealism: Make the world safe for Democracy Let this be the “war to end all war”

The 14 Points: Wilson’s vision for peace Open diplomacy Self determination for all people Arms reductions Freedom of the seas A League of Nations

Wilson returns to U.S. Constitution requires Senate approval Senate votes against treaty—fear a threat to US sovereignty Wilson has a stroke attempting to build public support of Treaty

Presidency…Republican Harding Becomes president in 1921 and Wilson, now an invalid, serves the rest of his Presidency…Republican Harding Becomes president in 1921 and the United States Returns to Isolationism