The Scientific Revolution Ch. 10 Section 1

The Ptolemaic System Geocentric system – earth centered Done by Ptolemy The universe is a series spheres, one inside another God and Heaven are beyond the outer sphere Earth and humans are in the center Humans had been given power over the earth, but their real purpose was to get to heaven

Nicholas Copernicus Believed his heliocentric concept of the universe Heliocentric – sun centered The Sun was the center of the universe, not Earth The planets revolved around the Sun, but the Moon revolved around the Earth

Johannes Kepler Confirmed that the Sun was the center of the universe Used astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion 1st law – the orbits of planets around the Sun were not circular They are elliptical (egg-shaped) The Sun is toward the end of the ellipse instead of at the center

Galileo Galilei First to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope Made many discoveries with the telescope Mountains on the moon, Jupiter has 4 moons, sunspots, etc Heavenly bodies were not pure orbs of light, they were composed of material substance, just like Earth

Galileo Galilei Galileo published The Starry Messenger in 1610 Responsible for making Europeans aware of the Copernican/heliocentric view of the universe The Church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican system B/c it threatened the Church’s entire concept of the universe and seemed to contradict the Bible

Isaac Newton Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Known simply as Principia Defined 3 laws of motion that governed the planetary bodies Universal law of gravitation Explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines Explains why they continue on their elliptical orbits around the Sun

Isaac Newton The universal law of gravitation Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity This law explained all motion in the universe and created a new picture of the universe Newton is considered by many to be the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution

Andreas Vesalius Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body Dissected human bodies to learn Presented a careful and accurate examination of the individual organs General structure of the human body One thing Vesalius was wrong about… He thought that there were two kinds of blood running through the veins and arteries

William Harvey Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood Showed that the heart, not the liver, was the beginning point for the circulation of the blood in the body Proved that the same blood flows through both veins and arteries The blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

Robert Boyle One of the first scientist to conduct controlled experiments Boyle’s Law – properties of gases The volume of gases vary depending on the pressure exerted on it

Antoine Lavoisier Invented a system of naming the chemical elements Founder of modern chemistry Introduced the metric system Recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen

Rene Descartes Father of rationalism System of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge “I think, therefore I am” “the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can” Separation of mind and matter

Francis Bacon Used inductive reasoning Scientist should go from specific to the general Developed the scientific method Bacon wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade Scientific Method Logical series of steps to follow in order to solve a problem