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AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Macromolecules AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

What are Macromolecules? Cells and their organelles - made up of smaller building blocks called macromolecules. 4 Types of macromolecules: Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Macromolecules In Notes, write and place where each of the food you were given for Do Now in the following 3 categories: 1. Lipid 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins In notes answer the following question: What do you notice about what each categories? AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule? Monomers & Polymers Macromolecules - made up of even smaller subunits called a monomer. The macromolecules themselves are called polymers Monomer: one basic unit or subunit Polymer: a chain of many basic units (monomers)

Organic Molecules Organic Molecules : Made up of the atoms: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur There are 4 Carbohydrates  C, H, & O Lipids  C, H, & O Proteins  C, H, O, N, & S Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N, & P AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

What you need to know: Names of the 4 macromolecules Structure- monomers and polymers of each Function- what are they used for? Food sources- what foods will you find these in? Indicator Tests- what tests do we use to find out if a food contains them? AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipids AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of… Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipid Structure Polymer (chain of units): lipids Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipids: Structure* Properties of Lipids caused by: Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids Polar head and nonpolar tail regions Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm) Long-term energy storage AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipids: Food Sources fatty foods contain lipids. Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avocados, eggs & nuts. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Lipids: Indicator Test Paper Bag Test: Smear substance onto paper bag If see-thru, it contains lipids AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Proteins AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of… Monomer (basic unit): amino acids 20 different kinds!* AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Proteins: Structure Polymer (chain of units): protein More specifically- polypeptides Amino acids linked by peptide bonds dipeptide AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Proteins: Structure* 20 Amino Acids: Some of these are polar & hydrophilic, others are non-polar and hydrophobic. Proteins can contain both kinds. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule? Proteins: Structure Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function! The levels of protein structure are: Primary structure: polypeptide chain Secondary structure: polypeptides in coils or sheets Tertiary structure: coils or sheets form a tangle Quaternary structure: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein!

AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule? Proteins: Function Build and repair muscle and tissues “No pain, no gain!” Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Proteins: Food Sources Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products. There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Proteins: Indicator Test Biuret’s Solution: Turns from blue to purple if protein is present AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Carbohydrates AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Carbohydrates: Structure Carbohydrates are made up of… Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or monosaccharides) Ex.: glucose AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Carbohydrates: Structure Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides) Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars bonded together AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Carbohydrates: Function Provide body with energy! What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta? Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy *We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead. Ex. : corn Complex carb (ex. Starch) Broken down to disaccharides Broken down further Simple sugars (ex. Glucose) AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Carbohydrates: Food Sources Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy. Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests Simple Sugars: Benedict’s solution Blue solution turns orange/green/brow n Complex Carbs: Lugol’s solution/Iodine Turns from orange- red-brown to black- purple AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids: Structure Nucleic Acids are made up of… Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids: Function Stores and carries genetic information AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids: Food Sources We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!). AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids: Indicator Test You will not be using an indicator test for these but in case you’re wondering… Dische diphenylamine test Turns from clear-light blue to dark blue if nucleic acids are present AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Digestion & Reconstruction When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers). Analogy: taking apart an old brick building Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need. Analogy: using bricks to build a new building AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

Digestion Products Macromolecule eaten: Broken down in stomach to: Carbohydrates Simple sugars (i.e. glucose) Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose) Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?