Carbohydrates!
Structure Structure Function C, H, O/ 1:2:1 C6H12O6 (CH2O)x many isomers Function ENERGY!!! Cell signaling Structural material
Types of Carbs Monosaccharides - single monomer many isomers Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides **3-10 = oligosaccharides** Polysaccharide –100’s1,000’s monosaccharides sugar
3 6 5 Classifying sugar Most names end in -ose Classified by # carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) H OH HO O Ribose CH2OH Glyceraldehyde H OH O C OH H HO CH2OH O Glucose 3 6 5
Functional groups G3p in photosyn is a ketose – different structures, different functions
Structure determines function!!!! 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution What is the medium that makes up most cells? What do you notice about each carbon in the ring?
energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration Numbering! energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'
dehydration synthesis builds polymers Saccharide Synthesis dehydration synthesis builds polymers H2O | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage (C-O-C)
Classified by composition & function Polysaccharides Classified by composition & function homopolysaccharides – same monomer Ex: starch, glycogen (glucose) Heterosaccharides – different monomers Ex: hyaluronic acid (D-glucuronic acid & D-N-acetylglucosamine) found in connective tissue
And by function… cell identity - glycoproteins have carb tail identifying each cell Energy storage – can be hydrolyzed to form ATP Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Structure – chains bind for support Cellulose (cell walls) Chitin (exoskeleton, fungi)
Role of Shape starch energy storage glycogen slow release fast release Glycogen’s highly branched form makes it more soluble and thus hydrolyzed faster glycogen fast release
cellulose hard to digest only bacteria can digest Starch vs. Cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme only bacteria can digest
Fight for Fiber!
Providing Structure Chitin Peptidoglycan Soluble fiber. This type of fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material. It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Soluble fiber is found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley and psyllium. Insoluble fiber. This type of fiber promotes the movement of material through your digestive system and increases stool bulk, so it can be of benefit to those who struggle with constipation or irregular stools. Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans and vegetables, such as cauliflower, green beans and potatoes, are good sources of insoluble fiber.