MUTATIONS

MUTATIONS YEAST CELL: BREWERS YEAST: 500 YEAST SPECIES 1000’S OF STRAINS 100’S OF BREWING STRAINS BREWERS YEAST: 16 CHROMOSOMES (WILD YEAST 32 CHRMS) 6k GENES

MUTATIONS DNA CHROMOSOME GENE

MUTATIONS Sexual Asexual Cell Reproduction- 2 types A + B = AB Plants Fungi (wild yeasts) Animals Some Protists A + B = AB Asexual Bacteria Brewing/Distilling Yeast Some Protists

Asexual reproduction Goal? MUTATIONS Asexual reproduction Goal?

Dna: Function? “double helix” 4 DNA BASES BASE-PAIRING RULE MUTATIONS Dna: Function? “double helix” 4 DNA BASES BASE-PAIRING RULE

MUTATIONS First step of cell reproduction: Dna replication = Make copies of dna using base-pairing rule https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kp9wiYMQUU

MUTATIONS Mutation, defintion: Mistake in the base-pairing rule During dna replication Factors that increase mutation rate: 1. increase rate of replication 2. stresses 3. chemicals & uv light

MUTATIONS Mutations: Basis for evolution Random and by chance Can be controlled New breeds NEW YEAST STRAINS

MUTATIONS Yeast Strains (Mutations): American Ale II 1272 60-72° Slightly nutty, soft, clean and tart finish California Ale WLP001 68-73° Clean flavors accentuate hops; very versatile. American Ale 1056 60-72° Well balanced. Ferments dry, finishes soft Denny’s Favorite 50 1450 60-70° Can be used for almost any beer style. Accentuates malt, caramel, or fruit character. California Ale V WLP051 66-70° Produces a fruity, full-bodied beer Northeast Ale ECY29 65-70° A unique ale yeast with an abundance of citrusy esters accentuating American style hops.

MUTATIONS results of accidental brewing yeast mutations? How can we decrease chances of yeast mutations?