Foundation Review

The Big Thematic picture Theme 1: Patterns and effects of interaction Theme 2: Dynamics of changes and continuity Theme 3: Effects of technology, economics, demographics Theme 4: Systems of social structure and gender structure Theme 5: Cultural, intellectual, and religious developments Theme 6: Changes in functions and structures of states.

Some Things to Remember Exchange of goods and Ideas over large distances. The Silk Roads, Indian Ocean trade, and the Mediterranean trade. The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary civilizations As sedentary civilizations developed, social structures and gender roles cemented. Major world religions developed during this period and spread with along trade routes. Civilizations became more complex and structured as time moved on.

The Bookends 8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture and its spread to the four “River Valley Civilizations” (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Huang He valley) 600 CE marks the time by which all the classic empires had fallen.

Details- Neolithic Revolution Early modern humans seemed to have developed farming over time, dropping seeds one year and then harvesting the “crops” the next. This led to settled, formal farming Domestication and breeding of animals was also an important invention Some humans decided to settle in villages and soon were able to create a surplus of food. This lead to diversification of labor, the creation of governmental structures, and the payment of taxes! Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and move with their animal herds

Warm-up 2. Quipu and cuneiform. What are they, where were they developed, and which came first? 3. The social structure of Ancient Egypt was… fluid, and status was based on skill and merit. A tiered system dominated by the wealthy A caste system with no social mobility Based on one’s relationship and proximity to the pharaoh Put the following chain of events in order: (A)creation of permanent settlements and rise of cities, (b)specialization of labor, (c)more reliable and abundant food supplies, (d)development of new classes of people including elites, (e)increased population. C, E, A, B, D Writing systems, cuneiform was first in the middle east, quipu was in the incan empire. B

Details- Technology Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then Iron. These increasingly harder metals aided agriculture tremendously. They also provided increasingly sophisticated weapons. Wheel: first used by the Sumerians proved helpful in agriculture, trade, and warfare Hydrological technology: waterwheels, windmills, aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the water needs of large populations as well as the irrigation required in drier areas.

Details- Demography World’s population increased rapidly with the advent of farming and domesticated animals. Waves of diseases “plagues” increase in frequency with increased population density Many classic empires promote population expansion.

Details- Social and Gender structures Ownership of land signified power Kings were usually divine and had absolute power Gender roles emerged as farming expanded. Men worked in the fields while women stayed in the house. Knowing the paternity of children became important for inheritance. Women lost power. Religion cements and justifies social and gender structures

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions Emergence of religions- The emergence of the “Classical age” or “Axial Age” (Emergence of core belief or philosophical structures of a society. ) Monumental architecture- Kings “show off” their power by building big buildings for either themselves or the state’s religion Writing -as record-keeping becomes paramount, writing develops Mathematics- number systems develop. India creates the “Arabic numbers and algebra.” Engineering

Details- Structure and Function of State First- relatively small states. “City-states” Then- large Coercive tribute empires. Empires follow Conrad-Demarest model- grow large and wealthy, then too large and fragment. Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus allows for large armies.

Trade- Can’t live without it! Trade, especially over land, is important. Begins as relatively informal networks. Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in development of long-distance trade. Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel Silk Roads, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Silk, Spices,Cotton travel east to west Glassware, Wool and Linen, Olive Oil travel west to east

Movement of people Bantu Migration across Africa Polynesian migration across Pacific Ocean

Want to Know more? Princeton Review: Cracking the World History AP test Kaplan: AP World History Make sure you get the 2018 editions. Essays formats have changed!

No warm-up You have 3 minutes to review before we take the units 1 and 2 quiz.

After the quiz… Take a handout from the front and pick 4 societies from units 1 and 2 to fill out the worksheet for

After the quiz… Take a slip of paper from the front table and, on a separate sheet of paper, make a PERSIA chart for that civilization or society.