Integrity and Ethics निष्ठा/इमान्दारिता र सदाचार

Issues ‘भ्रटाचारीले बाटो फेरे, घुस लेनदेन भारतीय सहरमा’ ‘गृह मन्त्रालयको जिम्मेवारी पाए ५० प्रतिशत अपराध न्यूनिकरण गर्छु’ चितवनमा गम्भीर प्रकृतिका अपराध बढ्यो, बाबु र शिक्षक नै भक्षक ‘अब ब्यूरोक्रेसी सजग भए हुन्छ’ ८० हजारसम्म लिएर बेचियो लाइसेन्स १० करोड घुसमा २५ सय लाइसेन्स बिक्रि टेण्डरमा गुन्डागर्दी : हुलाक सेवा विभागमा ‘गुन्डा’ बाट कुटिए व्यवसायी सरकारी सर्वेक्षण भन्छ– काठमाडौंका सरकारी कार्यालयमा सेवाग्राहीबाट घुस लिइँदैन

Issues दाताले प्रहरीलाई दिए तीनकरोड भन्दा बढीको जग्गा, दातालाई गरियो सम्मान तराईमा प्रहरीको शुद्धीकरण अभियान सरकारी कार्यालयमा खुलेआम घुसखोरी : TI प्रतिवेदन सुन समातिन्छ, मालिक हराउँछन् अख्तियारले छानबिन थालेपछि सशस्त्र प्रहरीले नै स्टोरमा आगलागी गरेको खुलासा १ लाख घुससहित भक्तपुर मालपोतका कर्मचारी पक्राउ अख्तियारद्वारा एकान्तकुनाबाट ५० हजार घुससहित सुब्बा रंगेहात पक्राउ ५० लाख धरौटीमा ६१ करोडको भ्रष्टाचारका आरोपी रिहा तीन पटक समय थप्दा पनि पूरा भएन वीरगञ्जको मझौला शहर आयोजना छड्के निरीक्षण गर्दा ५०० भन्दा बढी कर्मचारी कार्यालयमा अनुपस्थित

म्यादी प्रहरीले गरे नारावाजी ललितपुरका म्यादी प्रहरी आन्दोलनमा उत्रिएका छन्। सरकारले दिएको सेवा सुविधा कम भएको भन्दै उनीहरु आन्दोलनमा उत्रिएका हुन्। सरकारले उनीहरुलाई ५१ दिनको ५२ हजार २ सय ५४ रुपैयाँ सेवा सुविधा दिएको थियो। तर उनीहरुले त्यो अपुग भएको भन्दै जावलाखेलमा प्रर्दशन गरे। Source: http://setopati.com/social/46113

प्रहरी र म्यादी प्रहरीबीच झडप हुँदा सात म्यादी घाइते चरिकोट, खाना र पारिश्रमिकमा विभेद गरिएको भन्दै दोलखाका म्यादी प्रहरी आन्दोलित भएका छन् । उनीहरूले सरकारले तोकेको रकम उपलब्ध नगराए कडा आन्दोलन गर्ने चेतावनीसमेत दिएका छन् । Source: http://www.enayapatrika.com/2017/12/19/7707/

म्यादी प्रहरीको मृत्युपछि चर्कियो आन्दोलन कालिकोट –जिल्ला प्रहरी कार्यालयमा प्रहरी र म्यादी प्रहरीबिच तलवको बिषयलाई लिएर भएको विवादमा म्यादी प्रहरीको मृत्यु भएपछि जिल्लामा आन्दोलन चर्केको छ । म्यादी प्रहरीले ६४ हजार रुपैयाँ पाउनु पर्नेमा ५५ हजार रुपैयाँ मात्र जिल्ला प्रहरीले दिएको गुनासो गरि आन्दोलन सुरु गरेका थिए l Source: http://www.nagariknews.com/news/33095/

Study Findings

Source: CIAA Annual Reports.

Officer, Non-officer and Corruption Complaints Types of Corruption Position Total (N) Officer (%), N = 803 Non-Officer (%), N = 1213 Fake Document Related 11.0 89.0 100.0 (630) Illegal Benefits and Illicit Earnings 66.4 33.6 100.0 (286) Bribery 42.7 57.3 100.0 (260) Fraud 56.0 44.0 100.0 (50) Misuse of Public Property 50.1 49.9 100.0 (485) Procurement and Construction 53.1 46.9 100.0 (305) 39.8 60.2 100.0 (2016) Chi Square 353.835***   Likelihood Ratio 393.003*** Phi and Cramer's V 0.419*** Note: Table generated based on the cases published in CIAA annual reports (2006 - 2015).

Morale The basis of harmony in community Personal/individual and spiritual character Right and wrong at a much deeper level Basic human marker of right conduct and behavior No external inducements or constrains needed and usually do not change

Ethics The basis of harmony in society and social order Professional standards Declaration of the moral values and standards of behavior required by all in an organization Well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific qualities.

Integrity State or quality of being complete, undivided or unbroken moral soundness, honesty, uprightness It is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcomes Knowing and doing right things

Video Case 3 Idiots: Raju’s Job Interview How is the behavior of Raju? What makes him different than others?

Foundation: Integrity and Ethics Sources of Moral Values and Behavioral Norms (Huberts, Maesschalck and Jurkiewicz, 2008; Ethics and Integrity of Governance) Source Characteristics Human Universals Innate and natural Derived from natural rights theory Cultural/ Social Perspectives Experience with the environment Represented by behavioral psychology Rational Analysis/Cognitive Processes Thought, Reason and Education Non-rational/Need based Perspective Experience, Expertise and Emotion Theological Perspective God given moral values Unchallengeable among believers Professional and Bureaucratic Roles Public service ethics systems Public opinion 5 min

Public Sector Ethics: Critical Aspects Publicness in public service (rival & excludable) Capacity of public sector Healthy governance Effective prevention Sharp detection Robust prosecution and recovery Culture of integrity in public service Motivated primarily by money or professional fulfilment Sense of ownership: attachment, team sprit, proudness, …

Factors Affecting Integrity and Ethical Behaviour Executive as an Individual Internal/ Organizational External Environment Family Influences Policies, Code of conduct Government regulations Religious / Cultural values Behaviour of leaders, supervisors, peers and subordinates Norms and values of politics – political behaviour Personal standards, and needs Organisational culture Ethical climate of society- social values and norms My Choice How does religion affect – example rebirth Ethical Behaviour

Video Case Watch the video case: Willing DEO Can Make a Difference Make note on how he was able to organize Share it in plenary.

Options A businessman’s approach A market or an economist’s approach A lawyer’s approach Toughening laws & legislations A businessman’s approach Offering incentives to officials to disengage from corruption (buy out corruption). A market or an economist’s approach Introduce or increase competition An institutional approach Genuine political/leadership commitment

Promoting Integrity and Ethics Identify and name an integrity problem Knowledge of the legislation, codes, standards, related to the problem Identify the solution

Things We Need! Organisation: Commitment Clear set of values and standards Communication of values and standards Continuous and consistent actions Moreover, Acknowledge that “it starts with me!” Establish a legend; let it be disseminated Be wiling to pay price

References Adhikari, S.H., 2014, Patron-Client Politics and Governance System of Nepal, submitted to Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, 2014 Adhikari, S.H., Gupta, A.K., & Shrestha, G.L. (2016). Level, Pattern and Trend of Corruption (Analysis Based on the Corruption and Improper Conducts' Cases Published by Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Nepal). Lalitpur, Nepal: Nepal Administrative Staff College. Graaf, Gjalt De, 2007, Causes Of Corruption: Towards A Contextual Theory Of Corruption, Public Administration Quarterly, 39-86. Huberts, Maesschalck and Jurkiewicz, 2008; Ethics and Integrity of Governance Jain, Arvind, 2001, Corruption: A Review, Journal of Economic Surveys Vol 15, No.1, 71-121 Pinto, Jonathan; Carrie R. Leana; Frits K. Pil, 2008, Corrupt Organizations Or Organizations Of Corrupt Individuals? Two Types Of Organization-level Corruption, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 33, No. 3, 685–709 http://integrityaction.org/