Aim: How did the Revolution shape the British power struggle Aim: How did the Revolution shape the British power struggle? Do Now: Pick the most significant advantages for the British and Americans. Objectives: HW: Complete Map and study for exam next class.

Discussion It’s the championship game! Would you rather be the underdog on your home court or the favorite playing away from home? Explain.

Overview Independence Wartime Challenges Phases of the War Wartime Society Effects of the War

Discuss What were the strengths and weaknesses of: England? America? Who had the advantage? Why? Did the Americans win the war or did the British lose it?

Wartime Challenges Providing a government Raising funds Maintaining an army Dealing with Tories (Loyalists)

Phase I: New England Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775) Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) British Withdrawal from Boston (March 17, 1776) At the beginning of the fighting the British were uncertain about whether they were actually engaged in a war. By the Spring of 1776 that had changed. February 27, 1776: A band of Patriots crushed an uprising of Loyalists and in the process discouraged a British plan to invade the southern states. To the North: Americans launched an unsuccessful invasion of Canada. They hoped to remove the British threat and win the Canadians to their cause. The Quebec campaign ended in frustration. The withdrawal of the British marked a shift in strategy more than an admission of defeat. It also marked a new phase in the war.

The Revolution in the North, 1775-1776

Phase II: The Mid-Atlantic Region Lasted from 1776-early 1778 Major Turning Point: British defeated at Saratoga, NY. Failures of General William Howe. Conventional fighting in which the Americans were overmatched. But British blunders and misfortune kept them from securing a quick victory. Battle for New York. Show DVD. Britain’s strategy: Cut colonies in two. Howe would move north up the Hudson and meet another British force (under John Burgoyne) moving South. Howe abandons his plan and heads south and easily occupies Philly. Washington goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge (1777-1778). October 17, 1777: Burgoyne surrenders to Gates at Saratoga.

The Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1776-1778

Battle of Saratoga The first major American victory of the Revolutionary War as Gen. Horatio Gates and Gen. Benedict Arnold defeat 600 British casualties. American losses are only 150. October 17, 1777 , Gen. Burgoyne officially surrendered his 5700 man army on October 17. He was sent back to England in disgrace, In Paris the victory is celebrated as if it had been a French victory. Ben Franklin is received by the French Royal Court. France then recognizes the independence of America Money and supplies flowed to the American cause, providing Washington's Continental Army with the support necessary to continue its fight against Great Britain.

Victory at Saratoga !! Britain's loss at Saratoga proved disastrous, in that it signaled to the European powers that the rebels were capable of defeating the English on their own. More than any other single event, it would prove decisive in determining the eventual outcome of the War.

TURNING POINT: Saratoga’s Significance Convinced the French that the Americans had a chance of winning the war. France signed a treaty of alliance with the U.S. in 1778. How does this help the American cause?

Phase III: The South British hoped to benefit from Loyalist sentiment in the region. Strategy was a failure. (Slavery issue.) War turned “revolutionary.” Strategy failed: Loyalists feared reprisals. British policy of encouraging slaves to leave their owners did not help their popularity in the South. (About 5% of slaves took advantage of the offer.) White southerners were aghast, and many now joined the Patriot cause. Patriots had advantage of knowing the terrain and being able to live off the land. Revolutionary: Combat was less conventional. Previously aloof groups became mobilized. Support for independence increased. British succeeded in taking Savannah and Charleston.

The Revolution in the South, 1778-1781

Surrender at Yorktown, VA British general Cornwallis was trapped by American forces on land and French fleet at sea. Capitulated on October 17, 1781. Official surrender was on October 19th. British still held Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington (NC), and New York.

The British surrender!!!

Winning the Peace Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay served as American diplomats to negotiate peace. September 3, 1783: Treaty of Paris United States gained independence and land. (Also, the new nation had a lot of debt.) Americans were concerned that they would be stuck at war with Britain until the British made peace with France and Spain. Started negotiating separately with Britain.

War and Society Loyalists African-Americans Native-Americans Women The Economy

Was the Revolution a civil war? Loyalists made up an estimated 20% - 30% of the population (and up to 50% in NY). Many were small farmers, British officials, and Anglican ministers. Some fought for the British, many others fled the country.

Slaves Britain offered freedom to any slaves that fought for their cause. Thousands ran away to the British side. Great irony of the Revolution: Fighting for freedom and the preservation of slavery.

Native Americans Generally tried to stay out of it, but some sided with the British. Wanted to prevent Americans from taking their lands. Revolution greatly weakened the Indians in North America.

Women Involved in all aspects of the war. Non-importation movement. Helped out in army camp. Fought in combat, in some instances. However, the Revolution did little to change the patriarchal structure of American society.

Economy War was disruptive, but in the long run it strengthened the American economy. Development of new trade with other nations. Some domestic industry began to develop in response to British blockade.

So…how revolutionary was the American Revolution? What changed? To what extent? Who benefited?

Review for Exam Review Key Terms Map Extended response questions