What kind of punishment is this criminal receiving? What time period do you think this is from? What reason do you have for thinking this? The picture shows a punishment called ‘Condemnation to Beasts’ – a popular punishment used by the Romans from around about the 2nd Century BC. As the name suggests, the criminal was mauled by beasts (usually lions) until dead. Whilst not a punishment used in Britain (it was mostly used in Gladiator arenas), it does give clue to Roman attitudes towards crime and punishment. Students may use the fact that it is a mosaic to work this out.

The Big Picture Key Vocabulary Deterrent Retribution Revenge Attitudes Continuity Change How did attitudes towards Crime and Punishment change c50AD-c1350? Identify key events and people that influenced the way these attitudes changed over the time period The big picture indicated where students are heading over the course of this unit. Share information, but there is no need to write this in books (although a print out could be stuck in for reference). Students will see this slide at the beginning of every lesson to remind them of the overall outcomes for this unit. Describe attitudes towards crime, punishment and law enforcement in the period 50AD-1350 . Assess to what extent there was change or continuity to attitudes at this time

Today’s Lesson Law and order in Roman Britain Key Vocabulary Heirarchical Patriarchal Change Continuity Defendant Magistrates Emperor Centurion Law and order in Roman Britain Identify the key features of Roman Law and Order Today’s lesson title and objectives. Needs to be recorded by students. Understand the nature of Roman Society and the impact this had upon attitudes towards Crime . Know how the law was enforced in Roman Britain

What was Roman Society like? Roman Britain (like the rest of the Roman Empire) was hierarchical and patriarchal. Hierarchical: Everybody had a place in society. Some people are more important than others, and had the power to make decisions over them Patriarchal: Society is run by men. They hold all the important positions, such as political and military leaders etc. Men are also the head of the family/household Students should use the back of their exercise books to begin to build a ‘key word bank’ – where all definitions can be easily located for their revision.

Roman hierarchical society: At the head of Roman society was the Emperor and his senators – they made important decisions about law and order that affected everyone Wealthy people and property owners. The Emperor wanted these people to be pleased the most, as their money was important to the wealth of the Empire Free men, peasants and infantry soldiers. These men were not wealthy, but their lives were considered of more value than slaves. Slaves were at the bottom of society. Their job was to obey orders, and their lives were considered to have little value

Roman patriarchal society: In a patriarchal family, the Father is considered to be the head or leader of that family. He will be the main or only ‘bread winner’ (earner). A Patriarchal society works on the same principle as a patriarchal family. Men hold the positions of importance, and make decisions that impact upon the rest of society! A woman’s role is to keep the house in order, and raise her children properly. Both her and the children are obedient to the Father. Children obey their Mother and Father

Why do I need to know about Roman hierarchical and patriarchal society for the exam? The nature of Roman society influenced attitudes to Crime, Punishment and law enforcement! For example; Many poor Romans lived in extreme poverty, and when food supplies were low they might be tempted to break the law so that they could eat! But their punishments would be decided by those of wealth!

Roman law in Britain: Before the Romans conquered Britain, Britain was a country that was constantly under threat from invasion. Rome was a strong empire, with a strong central government and good system of communication. Britain would benefit from this and for the first time in a long time Britain enjoyed some stability in government and leadership. This stability included a solid system of law and law enforcement. Whilst Roman emperors had the power to make and enforce laws, there was a common belief that law should be based on FIVE basic principles!

The 5 principles of Roman Law The right of every person to know what the laws were The right of a defendant to know why any charges have been brought against them The idea of innocence until proven guilty The right to present evidence in court The right to a fair trial in court

The twelve tablets These five basic beliefs about how law should be enforced fairly soon became official when they were written down and made public. The points were clarified and simplified; and five basic principles became 12 clear short points about the way Roman law and order would function to make it fair and consistent throughout the empire. Major towns displayed the twelve tablets, which were carved onto metal sheets and put onto public display. The 12 tablets were drawn up and displayed around 500 years before the Romans even invaded Britain! But Britain would benefit from thus simple and fair system of law and order once the Romans conquered.

Who was responsible for enforcing law in Roman Britain? Use page 15-16 of your textbook (page 58-59 in the older text) to identify the different roles individuals/groups had in enforcing Roman Law. Complete the relevant parts of your worksheet.

What kind of crimes did people commit in Roman Britain? Roman system of law and order classified crimes in two ways: Divide half a page into two columns; or create 2 mind map headings. Use the 2 boxes above as your headings. Use page 16-17 (page 58 in the older text) to divide the crimes committed in the Roman Empire into these two headings. You have 5 minutes! MINOR CRIMES MAJOR CRIMES

How were these crimes punished? Now, using page 17 (page 59 in the older text) – match the punishments used to the crimes you have added in your columns/mind maps. Do this in a different colour, then add a key to show which are the crimes and which are the punishments. Amputation of limbs (mutilation) Mugging Execution MAJOR CRIMES Rebellion Murder Key: CRIMES Exile (Upper class only) PUNISHMENT

Were Roman attitudes towards Crime and Punishment really that fair? YES!! NO!! The Twelve Tablets were on public display and everyone was clear on the principles of Roman law and order! With no police force, punishments were deliberately harsh to deter crime from taking place! Minor crimes were punished with less severe punishments. The harsher the crime, the harsher the punishment! Roman attitudes towards punishment and what classed as a crime were dictated by their hierarchy! This led to some strange ideas. For example; killing a slave was not classed as murder! Because they were at the bottom of the hierarchical structure. Likewise, the very wealthy could avoid execution for serious crimes and instead choose exile! All because they were near the top of the chain! You will be given a copy of this table on a worksheet. Complete the tasks on the sheet

Describe what punishments were like during the Roman Period 6 mark exam question: Describe what punishments were like during the Roman Period It is not often in History you just get to write about what you know, without having to consider the key skills of a question; such as explain, or analyse. But the 6 mark question here (Question 2 on the Crime and Punishment paper ONLY) is exactly that! A chance for you to simply say WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT ROMAN PUNISHMENT! It is still important that you know how the mark scheme works and how to get the top level/mark. Examine the mark scheme on the next slide.

Describe what punishments were like during the Roman Period A level 1 answer is often very short, and IDENTIFIES punishments but does not describe what they were Level Mark Descriptor No rewardable material 1 1-3 Generalised answer is offered with little specific detail. Candidate offers limited detail about punishment. E.g. ‘They were very harsh’; or ‘The Romans used mutilation’ 2 4-6 Relevant details are offered with links to key features. Candidate describes the punishments used. At top of level candidate differentiates between punishments minor and major crimes. E.g. ‘One of the punishments used by the Romans was Exile, this was for the most serious crimes, BUT only available to the wealthy. A level 2 answer offers good description of a RANGE of punishments used at the time

Avoid the pitfalls! You are not required to make any personal judgements about whether they were fair or not! Describe what punishments were like during the Roman Period Whilst you might need to mention the word ‘crime’ – or even identify a few crimes in your answer – remember the focus of the answer is PUNISHMENT!!! Make sure you talk about the relevant time period!

Describe what punishments were like during the Roman Period You have 15 minutes to write the answer to this question! Use your mark grid to help you!