Mushrooms, Yeast, Mold, Mildew, Rusts Kingdom Fungi Mushrooms, Yeast, Mold, Mildew, Rusts

I. General Characteristics A. Feeding Pattern = Heterotrophic 1. Secretes enzymes 2. Absorbs nutrients B. Multi-cellular, eukaryotic Exception: yeast = unicellular

I. General Characteristics C. Structure = mass of Hyphae (filaments) 1. Mass of hyphae underground = mycelium 2. Secrete enzymes 3. Hyphae increase surface area, ∴ increase rate of absorption & growth

Fairy Ring = ring of mushrooms Mycelium in center has used up all the nutrients

I. General Characteristics D. Cell walls contain chitin (same as exoskeletons of insects) E. Habitat = warm, moist

I. General Characteristics F. Reproduction = BOTH asexual & sexual 1. Asexual = spores 2. Sexual = fusion of + & − hyphae types 3. Sporangia (spore cases) made 4. Spores made in sporangia

I. General Characteristics F. Reproduction = BOTH asexual & sexual 5. Exception : Phylum Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) ASEXUAL ONLY 6. Exception: Yeast ASEXUAL ONLY (budding)

I. General Characteristics G. Ecological Roles 1. Decomposition / recycling of nutrients 2. Food source 3. Help in food / drink production

I. General Characteristics G. Ecological Roles 4. Symbiosis a. Lichens – cyanobacteria or alga + fungus

I. General Characteristics G. Ecological Roles 4. Symbiosis b. Mycorizzae – fungus + plant roots increase the rate of absorption / growth

I. General Characteristics G. Ecological Roles 5. Pathogens (ringworm, wheat rust, athlete’s foot) 6. Source of Antibiotics E.g. Penicillin

II . Yeast A. Uses = Making food 1. Bread 2. Brewing 3. Wine 4. Soy sauce B. Repro. by budding

III. Phyla of Fungi A. Zygomycota E.g. black bread mold

III. Phyla of Fungi B. Ascomycota E.g. yeast, morels, truffles

Truffles Grow underground, on the roots of oak trees Oak tree roots Grow underground, on the roots of oak trees Cannot be cultivated Very expensive delicacy Hunted with pigs or dogs

Hunting for Truffles

III. Phyla of Fungi C. Basidiomycota E.g. most mushrooms, bracket fungus, puff balls, rusts

Wheat Rust

III. Phyla of Fungi D. Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) E.g. penicillin, ringworm, athlete’s foot

Penicillin (First antibiotic) Discovered by Alexander Fleming In 1928 Penicillin on an orange