© 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 – Conducting Research © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

© 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Opening Activity The process of researching for college writing can be somewhat similar to how you might conduct research for a decision you have to make in your everyday life. Reflect on that, and then discuss the following questions: What type of things have you recently researched? What steps did you take to conduct your research? © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

© 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Learning Outcomes By the time you finish reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to: LO1 Understand research. LO2 Understand and evaluate sources. LO3 Take effective notes. LO4 Summarize, paraphrase, and quote. LO5 Cite sources. LO6 Understand plagiarism. © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. wavebreakmedia, 2014/Used under license from Shutterstock.com © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Understanding Research You include research in your writing to accomplish three important goals: 1. To add authority to your writing 2. To allow readers to follow up on a topic 3. To credit others for their work and thoughts © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Understanding and Evaluating Sources Primary sources provide information based on firsthand experiences, such as: Matej Kastelic, 2014/Used under license from Shutterstock.com © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Understanding and Evaluating Sources Secondary sources provide information you collect indirectly, through the work and thoughts of others. Examples include: Lichtmeister, 2014/Used under license from Shutterstock.com © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Understanding and Evaluating Sources Carefully evaluate secondary sources. The quality of your research writing depends on your sources and how you use them. The Author’s Reputation The Publisher’s Reputation The Timeliness Original Sources Opposing Viewpoints Tone Always Consider © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Taking Effective Notes Think more deeply about your research Focus your attention on essential ideas and details Record your sources so you can locate them for further research Integrate sources into your research writing Provide publication information for your readers Taking notes while researching helps you . . .

Taking Effective Notes To annotate, or make notes or comments in, a text: Write questions in the margin Underline or highlight important parts Summarize key passages Define new terms Make connections between ideas Julia Ivantsova, 2014/Used under license from Shutterstock.com

Taking Effective Notes To help you grasp the structure of a source, try: Making an outline of the source, especially for long, challenging texts and other complex sources Using clusters or webs to help you see the interconnections between ideas and details Creating two-column notes, using a narrow column (for summary headings, quotations and citations) and a wide column (for further details)

Summarizing, Paraphrasing and Quoting You can use sources in your research writing by: Involves creating a shorter version of a source, with the basic ideas in their original order and about a third of the original length Summarizing Shows your understanding of the ideas in the source since you restate them in your own voice and by using your own words Paraphrasing Adds authority to your writing as long as you do not use too many and the quotes are smoothly and accurately integrated Quoting © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

© 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Citing Sources 1. Use in-text citations to give credit to sources and to avoid plagiarism, which is using the words or thoughts of others without giving them credit. 2. Select an appropriate style guideline for crediting your sources, such as: The Modern Language Association (MLA) The American Psychological Association (APA) NOTE: Refer to the complete table in Chapter 13. © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

© 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Citing Sources At the end of your research writing, you must list your sources. Follow MLA or APA guidelines for how to format that list. Works Cited List References List © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Understanding Plagiarism Your research writing should be free of common types of plagiarism: You copy word for word from the original source without giving any credit Copying Text Without Credit You forget to place quotations marks around exact words borrowed from the source Neglecting Quotation Marks You paraphrase information from a specific passage without identifying the source Paraphrasing Ideas Without Citing Them © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Closing Activity Since research writing is such an important part of college writing, practice secondary research by completing the following steps: 1. Locate a recent news article. It can be online or paper-based. 2. Annotate the article. 3. Summarize it, and use one direct quote from the article in your summary. 4. Use the appropriate MLA or APA style guideline to help you format your direct quote and create a listing for the source at the end of your summary. Skumer, 2014/Used under license from Shutterstock.com