1. In lines one and two, Goldstein is referred to as “Enemy of the People.” This poetic renaming is an example of a kenning. This kenning helps reinforce and emphasize the idea that Goldstein is a significant object of hatred and fear for the people of Oceania. Another literary device is found in line 2. The word “hisses” is an example of onomatopoeia. Notice that the pronunciation of the word ‘hiss’ actually sounds like the action it is describing. “Hiss” is effective since it helps show how strongly the people react to him. This kenning and use of onomatopoeia help to develop and heighten the imagery of the passage…..

2. The word renegade is both a noun and an adjective 2. The word renegade is both a noun and an adjective. In this context, it is used a noun and refers to Goldstein. A renegade is a type of person who engages in some sort of rebellious or traitorous activity. A renegade could be some sort of outlaw, one leaves his or her political party. Goldstein is referred to as a renegade since he committed actions that were rather shocking, catching the attention of his former party members. He is described as a “traitor”, having “engaged in counter-revolutionary activities” and was “condemned to death.”

3. A defiler is a person who in some way negatively interferes with someone or something, causing corruption and destruction in the process. It is a noun since it refers to a type of person. Some context clues helped in developing this definition. He is referred to as a “traitor” and having influenced the “Party’s purity.” Also, Orwell describes Goldstein as a person who committed all sorts of negative acts that seemed to harm the Party.

4. Goldstein is definitely a controversial figure 4. Goldstein is definitely a controversial figure. For example, the reader can easily see how the audience reacts to the image of his face during the Two Minutes Hate exercise. He clearly produces a strong reaction in people, which is why he is chosen as the “principal figure” of this daily exercise. He once was an elite member of the Party, so he must have been popular in various social and political circles. Goldstein is clearly a powerful, influential citizen of Oceania since he is able to continue to incite anyone who hears his name or sees his face.

5. Goldstein is out of the sight of the Party and Big Brother 5. Goldstein is out of the sight of the Party and Big Brother. His exact whereabouts are unknown, a source of great mystery, and this makes him an intriguing character. He may be in a far-off locale or even have the courage to be hiding out “in Oceania itself.” He must have great influence and charisma since it is indicated that he could have won the “protection of…paymasters.” He continues to teach revolutionary ideas from afar even though he is wanted for all sorts of crimes against the Party/Big Brother. Goldstein is brave and rather extraordinary as does not seem to have fear of authority. He has been condemned to death; he does what he feels must be done, continuing to engage in activities that conflict with the mission of the Party.

6. A motif refers to an object, idea, or element that is repeated in an artistic work; it can also be thought of as a ‘mini theme.’ In this excerpt, rebellion could be seen as a motif. For instance, Goldstein’s highly political and provocative actions are repeated all throughout the passage. His wild acts against the Party are extensive. It is made clear that his rebellion continues from afar which helps heighten the importance of his rebellion. Words like “sabotage, heresies, deviations…and conspiracies” all help in developing and reinforcing this motif.