Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Ms. Lisbeth Rath Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Revolutions in Latin America (19c - Early 20c) Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Ms. Lisbeth Rath Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

European Empires: 1660s

Causes of Latin American Revolutions Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions. Inspiration of American and French Revolutions. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

Latin American Revolutions!

Toussaint L’Ouveture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela. Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North. José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

Latin American States After the Revolutions

Results of the Latin American Revolutions

1. Brazil Freed from Portugal The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil. Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal. Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

2. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese Latin America By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations. Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

4. Independence Brought More Poverty The wars disrupted trade. The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.

5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos WHO WERE THEY?: Mid-19c dictators  military authoritarianism. Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats. Immediately followed the fight for independence. Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people. BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights. Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

Latin America in 1830. Note the dates each state won its independence

Hidalgo Calls For Independence Mexicans became unhappy with Spanish rule. Spain increased Mexican taxes to help pay for wars in Europe.

Miguel Hidalgo Catholic priest in the town of Dolores began the struggle for Mexico’s independence in 1810 September 16th, 1810: “Cry of Dolores” was his call for revolution rang church bells and shouted, “Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Spaniards!” an army of mestizos & Native Americans rallied behind Hidalgo- his speech began the revolution for the Mexican people

Mexico’s Independence 80,000 people joined the fight, but the army was soon defeated by the Spanish. Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811 Mexicans continued to fight for independence over the next decade. 1821: Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mexico celebrates September 16th as it’s Independence Day. The president rings a bell in Mexico city and repeats Hidalgo’s “Cry of Dolores.”

Trace the external events that inspired Latin American Revolution Explain how race impacted the Mexican revolutionary effort. Contrast the Brazilian move to independence with other Latin American independence movements. Compare the centralist versus the federalist controversy. Characterize the liberal politics of the period from 1850 to 1870.