Γ Radioaktivnost α β.

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Presentation transcript:

γ Radioaktivnost α β

Radioaktivnost Što je radioaktivnost i kako je pronađena Atomske promjene; izotopi Vrste radioaktivnosti i radioaktivne čestice Prirodna i umjetna radioaktivnost Ionizirajuća zračenja Apsorbirane godišnje doze, udjeli, mjerne jedinice Pravilnosti radioaktivnih raspada Korisnost i primjena, opasnosti i zaštita Ne ionizirajuća zračenja

Radioaktivnost - Pronalazak 1896 Becquerel otkriva da nisu svi izotopi atoma stabilni. Atomi mijenjaju strukturu Henri Becquerel

Izotopi Atomi s istim brojem protona u jezgri i različitim brojem neutrona nazivaju se izotopi Većina atoma ima stabilne i radioaktivne izotope

Klasifikacija radioaktivnih zračenja Čestice: Alfa (a) zračenje Beta (b) zračenje Protoni Neutroni Elektromagnetska zračenja: g-zrake X-zrake

Alfa čestice (a) Atomska težina: odražava ukupan broj nukleona u jezgri Broj protona + broj neutrona Alfa čestice (a) Radium R226 Radon Rn222 + p n n p a (4He) 88 protona 138 neutrona 86 protona 136 neutrona 2 protona 2 neutrona Note: The 226 refers to the atomic weight, which is the equal to the number of protons plus neutrons alpha-čestica (a) je jezgra atoma helija.

Povijesno veoma važna priča Beta čestice (b) Ugljik C14 Dušik N14 + e- 6 protona 8 neutrona 7 protona 7 neutrona elektron (beta-čestica) Konverzija neutrona u proton (zakoni očuvanja) n  p + e ( + n ) Note that in beta decay, the atomic mass not change, since the neutron and proton have nearly the same mass… neutrino Povijesno veoma važna priča

Gama čestice (g) 10 protona 10 neutrona (pobuđeno stanje) 10 protona Neon Ne20 Neon Ne20 + 10 protona 10 neutrona (pobuđeno stanje) 10 protona 10 neutrona (osnovno stanje) gama gama visokoenergijsko em zračenje

Gama zračenje Neon Ne20 Neon Ne20 +

Karakteristike ionizirajućih zračenja zračenja Tipovi radioaktivnosti: Gama zračenje; velika penetracija Alfa čestice brzo gube energiju, zaustavlja ih list papira Beta vrlo brzi elektroni Neutroni i protoni Čestica masa* (MeV/c2) naboj Gama (g) Beta (b) ~0.5 -1 Alfa (a) 3752 +2 p, n 938 +1,0 * m = E / c2

Izvori radioaktivnog zračenja Prirodni izvori Zemaljski Kozmički Materijali za gradnju Radioaktivni elementi u našem organizmu Umjetni izvori Medicinske X-zrake Nuklearna medicina Nuklearne probe Nuklearne elektrane Nuklearne katastrofe

Penetracija zračenja

Mjerenje radioaktivnosti Becquerel (Bq) – jedan raspad u sekundi (1dps) Curie (Ci) = 3.7 x 1010 dps Gray (Gy) – zračenje koje u 1 kg materijala deponira 1 joule (J) energije rad = 0.01 Gy Sievert (Sv) – uključeni težinski faktori zračenja rem = 0.01 Sv

Težinski faktori učinka zračenja na tkiva 20 b 1 g p 10 n 2-20

Udjeli u apsorbiranoj dozi za čovjeka (prosječno 360 mrem/god)

Radioaktivni raspad (motivacija) Tip zračenja! Kako često atom emitira zračenje? Ne možemo predvidjeti kada će se atom raspasti! Vjerojatnost raspada za svaki pojedini atom Poluživot; definicija

Radioaktivni raspad (opća jednadžba) Aktivnost (A) = - dN/dt = λN Gdje je: λ = konstanta raspada (jedinica = 1/vrijeme) N = broj radioaktivnih atoma Poluživot (t½) = ln2/λ = 0.693/λ Raspad izotopa: At = A0 e-λt A0 = aktivnost u t = 0 At = aktivnost

Radioaktivni raspad

Poluživot (primjer) Vrijeme u kojem se raspadne polovica prisutnih radioaktivnih čestica (neutron vrijeme ½ života oko 15 minuta) Uzmimo da imamo 20000 neutrona, što će biti nakon 1 sat? Vrijeme #neutrona % neutrona u uzorku 10,000 (50%) Nakon 15 minuta 5,000 (25%) Nakon 30 minuta 2,500 (12.5%) Nakon 45 minuta Nakon 60 minuta 1,250 (6.25%)

To be more clear, deuterium contains 1 proton and 1 neutron in the nucleus, and tritium contains 1 proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. Both isotopes behave similarly to ordinary hydrogen, as this chemical behavior is mostly driven by the atomic electrons.