The Role of Gut Adaptation in the Potent Effects of Multiple Bariatric Surgeries on Obesity and Diabetes  Randy J. Seeley, Adam P. Chambers, Darleen A. Sandoval  Cell Metabolism  Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 369-378 (March 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.001 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The Two Most Common Bariatric Surgeries in the United States The first is a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in which a small pouch is created just beneath the esophagus that is not in contact with the rest of the stomach. The jejunum is anastomosed to this small pouch so that ingested food “bypasses” the remnant stomach and upper small intestine and flows directly into the jejunum. The second is a vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) where roughly 80% of the stomach along the greater curvature is removed, turning the pouch of the stomach into a “sleeve.” Cell Metabolism 2015 21, 369-378DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Bariatric Surgery-Driven Enteroplasticity Bariatric surgery involves surgical manipulation of the body’s most complex biological systems. We hypothesize that intestinal adaptation, or enteroplasticity, underlies the benefits of bariatric surgery. Some of the possible adaptations that could be involved include (a) the nervous system via changes in innervation or neuronal activity, (b) enteroendocrine adaptations via increases in enteroendocrine cell number or sensitivity to stimuli, (c) morphological changes that increase nutrient absorptive capacity via increases in villi length and/or number and/or increased crypt depth, and (d) adaptations in nutrient signaling processes either by increased nutrient transport or by the production of digestive products that stimulate intracellular signaling processes. Cell Metabolism 2015 21, 369-378DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.001) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions