Skeletal System

Cranium Bones Parietal Bone Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone

Clavicle or Collarbone The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your little finger. It is also called collarbone.

Scapula The scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for the arms.

Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord 1) The cervical region (neck bones)    2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to) 3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back) 

Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)

Humerus Humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper arm. Ulna is the longer, medial bone of the forearm. Radius is the shorter , lateral bone of the forearm.

Radius and Ulna Radius on Top Ulna on Bottom

Carpals or (Wrist Bones)

Metacarpals (Top of Hands) The palm of the hand is made up of the five metacarpal bones. These are small, long bones, each with a base, a shaft, and a head.

Phalanges (Little Fingers) Each finger, except the thumb, has three phalanges: a proximal, a midle, and a terminal or distal phalanx. The thumb has only a proximal and distal phalanx.

The ribs There are 12 pairs of ribs, which are named according to their anterior attachments. Because the upper seven pairs articulate directly with sternum, they are called true ribs. The lower five pairs are called false ribs. Because the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs have no cartilage and do not attach at all anteriorly, these “false ribs” have another name , floating ribs. All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.

Sternum (Breastbone) The sternum, or breastbone, is a long, flat, bony plate that forms the most anterior section of the rib cage. The primary function of the sternum is the protection of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels from physical damage

Pelvis (Dancing Bone) The ring made by the pelvic girdle functions as the birth canal in females. The pelvis provides attachment for muscles that balance and support the trunk and move the legs, the hips, and the trunk. It is usually wider and broader in females and smaller and narrower in males.

Femur or thigh (Largest and heaviest Bone in the Body) It functions in supporting the weight of the body and allowing motion of the leg

The Tibia and Fibula The tibia is the larger of the two bonesforming the lower leg. It is also known as the shinbone. The fibula, is also known as the calf bone.It lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the tibia.

Tarsals The bones of ankle are known as the tarsal bones Tarsals The bones of ankle are known as the tarsal bones. The short tarsal bones resemble the carpal bones of the wrist but are larger. They are arranged in the hind foot and forefoot. They function as a strong weight-bearing platform. The calcaneus, or heel bone, is the largest tarsal and forms the prominence at the back of the foot.

Metatarsals The metatarsal bones are connected to the bones of the toe, or phalanges. Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective tissues, ligaments and tendons, to provide movement in the foot.

Phalanges The phalanges of the toes are classified as long bones despite their short length because again they have a base, shaft, and head. They have the same arrangement as the phalanges of the fingers. There are two phalanges in the great toe, proximal and distal.

Calcaneous or heel bone

Abnormal curvantures of the spine Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

kyphosis excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. Causes :aging, especially if you have poor posture. muscle weakness in the upper back. arthritis or other bone degeneration diseases. osteoporosis, the loss of bone strength due to age. injury to the spine. Diagnosis: is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray, a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones and organs onto film. The normal spine can bend from 20 to 45 degrees of curvature in the upper back area. Treatment :Non-surgical treatments, such as pain medication, exercise and physical therapy are typically helpful treatments for pain. Surgery may be an option, but is uncommon for this diagnosis

Lordosis excessive inward curvature of the spine. Causes :trauma to the lower back. poor posture from sitting or lifting heavy things. obesity, as excess weight negatively affects posture. inflammation of the space between your vertebra. osteoporosis, or loss of bone density. Diagnosis : complete medical history of the child will be studied, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, X-ray,CT scan, Bone scan, MRI scan Treatment:If the lordosis is mild, then treatment is usually not required. physical therapy program, Medications

Scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Causes : a genetic condition that causes muscle weakness. a condition that affects the brain and nerves and occurs during or shortly after birth. Diagnosis :Scoliosis can usually be diagnosed after a physical examination of the spine, ribs, hips and shoulders. You may be asked to bend forward to see if any areas are particularly prominent. For example, one of your shoulders may be higher than the other or there may be a bulge in your back. X-Ray, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment : scoliosis can be treated with observation, bracing, or surgery

Osteoporosis Condition where bones become fragile and brittle. Causes: pores form due to calcium deficiency, low amounts of estrogen, and vitamin deficiency(aging/hormonal changes) Diagnosis: DEXA (more accurate) and x-ray Treatment: bisphosphonates and hormone-based medication, exercise, calcium and vitamin D consumption, reducing use of alcohol and nicotine

Osteoporosis

Gigantism It is an abnormal growth of bones, especially in children. Causes: excess amount of growth hormones produced by pituitary gland, tumor in the pituitary gland (Pituitary Adenoma), or genetics.

Diagnosis of Gigantism Diagnosis: blood test, oral glucose test (to test the amount of growth hormone; in a normal body growth hormone level will drop after eating or drinking glucose), MRI scanning of the pituitary gland is used to scan to see the size and position of the tumor.

Treatment of Gigantism Treatment: Surgery, medication to shrink of stop tumor, radiation, gamma knife radio surgery; these beams don’t harm the surrounding tissue but are able to deliver a powerful dose of radiation at the point of tumor.

Cleft Palate/ Lip Facial and oral malformation that occur very early in pregnancy while the baby is developing inside the mother (occurs in the roof of the mouth) Causes: occurs when there is not enough tissue in the roof of the mouth and lips area (due to genetic and environmental factors: consumption of alcohol and medication during pregnancy). Diagnosis: difficulty in eating, drinking, speaking, testing via ultrasound in the womb Treatment: surgery and braces

Acromegaly Is the abnormal growth of hands, feet, and face bones during adulthood caused by the excessive production of GH. Causes: Too much growth hormones (GH) in the body. Pituitary gland tumor ( pituitary adenoma) Diagnosis: GH measurement, GH supression test and imaging. Increased of GH in the blood after fasting indicates acromegaly.High levels of GH after consuming glucose, which usually suppresses GH markers, MRI. Treatment:Surgery, radiation therapy on the pituitary gland, medication. Some patients may benefit from a combination of these medicines.

Fractured clavicle Is a break in the collarbone. It happens in 5% of adult fractures. Most clavicle fractures occur when a fall onto the shoulder or an outstretched arm puts enough pressure on the bone that is snaps or breaks. Causes: By a direct blow to the shoulder. In a baby, it can occur during the passage through the birth canal.

Fractured clavicle diagnosis Doctors ask for a brief history , physical exam also will be conducted, testing of the arm nerves, testing lungs, X-Ray of the clavicle, CT scan in rare cases, use of ultrasound in children. Treatment: Surgery , Non surgery treatments include: arm support, medication, physical therapy

The Connectors of the Body Ligaments: Connect bone to bone

The Connectors of the Body!! Tendon: Attaches muscles to bones

The Connectors of the Body Cartilage: It acts as a cushion between bones at a joint and protects the bones.