Biology Notes Cell Energy Part 3 Pages 103-112

Standards 4.2 ____ Identify the reactants, products and basic functions of photosynthesis ____ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to others ____ Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration 4.7 4.6

Essential Questions 1. How is energy acquired and used by organisms?

I. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis = a process by which __________ use energy from the _____ to convert water and _____ into _________ (food) and ________ EQUATION: autotrophs sun CO2 glucose oxygen

Lights & Pigments Light is made up of particles called _________ that move in waves different light _______ can carry different amounts of ______ depending on the ____________ some wavelengths are _______ and make up the different _______ we see photons waves energy wavelength visible colors

Behavior of Light: Transmitted – goes ________ an object 2. Reflected – bounces off an ________ 3. Absorbed – taken __ by an _______ through object in object

what we see is the wavelength of light that is _________ or transmitted white light, or ________, is a blend of ____ wavelengths or all _______ being _________ the color _____ is a combination of all colors being ________ or transmitted reflected sunlight all colors reflected seen reflected

How do we know white light is made up of all colors? You can use a prism to break apart the different wavelengths of light and see the colors (this is also what rain does to light after a storm)

Why are black objects hot? Black objects absorb all wavelengths of light so they also absorb all the heat. The absence of color being reflected or transmitted creates black as the color we see

Pigment = a molecule that ________ certain wavelengths and reflects or _________ others absorbs transmits

Types of Pigments: Chlorophyll = the pigment found only in ____________ or plants that absorbs violet, blue, and _____ wavelength while reflecting and transmitting ______ wavelengths this is why most plants appear ______ autotrophs red green green

heterotrophs cannot make their own food because they have no ___________ to trap light energy can be broken down in __________ temperatures and if the plant is deprived of ________ chlorophyll extreme water

most plants have ___ types of chlorophyll called chlorophyll ____ and chlorophyll ___ 2 A B

Cartenoids = a class of pigments found only in ___________ that mainly reflect and transmit red, _______, orange and _______ wavelengths e.g. autotrophs purple yellow bananas, oranges, roses, etc.

most plants have both ____________ and cartenoids cartenoids are more ________ to colder weather Why do leaves turn colors in the fall? chlorophyll tolerant The colder it gets, the chlorophyll begins to be broken down so you can finally see the cartenoids & xanthophylls (these pigments are more tolerant to colder weather)

Chloroplasts Chloroplast = the plant organelle that stores ___________ and ____________ and converts ________ into chemical energy chlorophyll cartenoids sunlight

STRUCTURE: Inner Membrane thylakoid = a disc-shaped membrane that stores the ___________ grana = stacks of ___________ stroma = the liquid that surrounds the _______ chlorophyll thylakoids grana 2. Outer Membrane

DIAGRAM:

C. Light Reactions – The First Step of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions = the series of reactions that use energy from the ____ to convert _________ and _______ into _____ and _______ through the absorption of ______ and the release of ________ occurs in the _________ membranes of the ____________ sun ADP + P NADP ATP NADPH water oxygen thylakoid chloroplast

captured split proteins / photosystems O2

e- H+ stroma

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW: What are the products of the light reactions? ______, ________, and ______ Which one of these products is released into the atmosphere when water is split? ____ What is the function of NADP and ADP? __________________________________ Has carbon dioxide been used yet? _____ Where is the energy from the sun now located? ____________________ O2 ATP NADPH O2 Carry electrons (e-) and hydrogens (H+) filled with energy to the stroma no in ATP and NADPH

The Calvin Cycle – The Second Step of Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle = a series of reactions that uses _____ and NADPH from the ______ reactions to produce high-energy ________________________________ also called the ______ independent reactions occurs in the ________ of the _____________ ATP light sugars / carbohydrates (glucose) light stroma chloroplast

CO2 CO2 light e- H+ PGA RuBP e- e- H+ e- PGAL PGAL glucose glucose

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW: What is produced in the light reactions and used in the Calvin cycle? ______ and __________ What gas is produced in the light reactions but not used in the Calvin cycle? ______ What gas is taken in from the atmosphere and used in the Calvin cycle? ______ What is produced in the Calvin cycle? ____________ Where is the energy that originally came from the sun? _____________ ATP NADPH O2 CO2 glucose in glucose