Chapters 6 & 7 Chemistry 1L Cypress Creek High School Unit 7: Periodic Table Chapters 6 & 7 Chemistry 1L Cypress Creek High School 1

Part 3: Arrangement of the Periodic Table 2

Energy Levels & Sublevels

States of Matter Phase at room temperature…

Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids

Metals Found on the left side of table Have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons Lose electrons to form positive ions (cations) Most are silver, shiny, solid, malleable, ductile & good heat / electrical conductors Exist as solids at room temperature except for Hg (liquid)

Nonmetals Found on the right side of table Have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons Gain electrons to form negative ions (anions) Most are brittle, dull, non-conductors Exist as solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature 7

Metalloids Found along the stair-step between metals and nonmetals, excluding Al Properties are intermediate between metals & nonmetals 8

Oxidation Numbers Number of electrons lost or gained when reacting to achieve full valence, often called the charge (ex: Na+ ; O2-) Metals - form cations (+) ; lose valence electrons d & f block metals have multiple oxidation numbers Nonmetals - form anions (-) ; gain valence electrons Metalloids - oxidation numbers vary 1+ 2+ 3+ 1- 2- 3- 4+/- multiple oxidation numbers 9

Period/Series

Period/Series Horizontal rows Share the same number of energy levels Elements do not share as much in common horizontally as they do vertically

Groups/Families

Groups/Families Vertical columns They have similar properties ("A" families only!) Same # of valence electrons (roman numerals at the top)

“A” Groups/Families A Electron configuration ends in "s" or "p" sublevel

IA: Alkali Metals Most active metals Stored under oil, reacts w/water 1+ oxidation number 1 valence electron All solids

IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals Less reactive than IA 2+ oxidation number 2 valence electrons All solids

VIIA: Halogens Most active nonmetals 1- oxidation number 7 valence electrons All 3 states of matter represented

VIIIA: Noble Gases Relatively inactive / inert 0 oxidation number 8 valence electrons, except for He (2) All gases

Hydrogen Unique element, most abundant in the universe (75%) Gaseous nonmetal among solid metals 1+ oxidation number 1 valence electron 19

“B” Groups/Families B Electron configuration ends in "d" or "f" sublevel

Transition Metals Transition metals are d-block elements More stable than other metals, with higher melting & boiling points Oxidation numbers vary 21

Inner-Transition Metals Inner transition metals are f block elements Lanthanide series is the top row (begins with Lanthanum) Actinide series is the bottom row (begins with Actinum) Most are rare, man-made, or radioactive Oxidation numbers vary